Welcome witness, this is a course on Principlesof Management. I am Dr. Usha Lenka Associate Professor Department of Management StudiesIIT, Roorkee. The trend principles of management is a fundamental course, which sacrifices an overviewof what is management it discusses various theories of management, principles and theconcepts of management for hear higher level courses.So, the content of the course is why there is a need for management, mostly who aremanagers, administrative elevations, what is management, what do directors do, what are the variousfunctions roles and talents, how managers job is changing over a reporting period, where managerswork. That represents, the organizations, the descriptions, we will also discuss about why do we studymanagement universality and cost and wages of being manager.So, such courses basically we will be discussing about the contemporary business place, and need for management.Nature and purpose of management, further we will discuss onconcepts of efficiency and effectiveness. Managers parts, classification, rolesand knowledge costs of studying control. Learning outcomes are basically we will belearning who the managers are how administrators differ from non managerial employees, describeand categorize overseers in organizations. What is conduct? Definition, explained why efficiencyand effectiveness are important in management? Further we will be also discussing, what arefunctions of administrators its Mintzberg personas of managers and Katz’s three critical managementskills and how these talents are changing depending on ministerial stages. The roles of managerstraditional versus contemporary business environment. The business environment in the traditionalorganization was almost stable with monopoly of companies. Whereas, in the contemporarybusiness environment, the business itself the business environment is highly dynamic.Dynamic, because the rate of change is very fast there are too many opponents, and thereis complexity in the business environment, caused by external factors like political, economic, social demographic factors, law parts, engineering, deepening engineering, which has been successful in mutates converting wishes of customers.So, the business environment is highly dynamic and there are changes in the roles of managers.Of track, the principles underlying managers management and the roles of managers stillremain the same with a little change in focus.What are characteristics of contemporary businessenvironment? Contemporary business environment as discussed now, is tumultuous and demandfor perpetual alteration. Because, in order to maintain continuity andrigor the organizations it is necessary start some minor an amendment of their in their businessprocesses, in the existing structure and it has to be in conformance with the changing businessenvironment. Uncertainty and unexpected episodes, there are sudden crisis which have appeared in theenvironment or which results in organizations neglecting in their initiatives.So, as a result there are some unexpected phenomena which need to be managed and whichresults the unexpected affairs or confusion, or the disturbance in business environmentcauses crisis like situations which need to be properly managed at regular intervals oftime, otherwise the management will otherwise the organization will face turmoil.Technological improvement. In order to catch up with challenger the organizations alsoneed to do some minor qualifyings or a complete change in their technology.Globaleconomic, political and social shift. Similarly because of fiscal parts, becauseof political issues and social demographical change, there is a change in the business environment.Finding alternative ways of cultivating is the role of a director. Manager has to find outalternative solutions or methods of decision making in order to maintain sustainabilityor in order to have a sustainable business. Lifelong learning opportunities for employees; individual organizations will ever continue to grow, if it has a focus on lifelong learning opportunitiesfor employees as well as when there is a overall development of organization. Fostering creativityand invention at workplace , no make-up can sustain and live in a tumultuou businessenvironment or in a dynamic business environment unless and until there is a focus on creativityand innovation. Creating a collaborative and productive workforce.So, organizations can sustain and live if there is competition through collaboration.Unlike the traditional business organizations, where there was monopoly and reign offew organizations.So, in a jumble of tournament if there iscollaboration, partnership or then the organization collaboration with organizations, collaborationwith entrants, suppliers, then the organization can have a competitive or can be more competitiveand sustainable. So, there is a shifting focus in managementfrom mainstream orientation to multi stream orientation. Mainstream approach focuses onprofit maximization whereas, multi creek direction emphasizes on responsibility towardsall stakeholders. The interpretation of management nature and purpose.Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others other employees.So, that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively.The process of designingand maintaining an environment in which men, working together in groups efficiently accomplishtheir goals and objectives. So, ultimately the management emphasizes oncreating an environment a contributing environment for all employees, who are working as independentlyor who are working in groups or teams so, that they can collectively accomplish desiredobjectives of organizations. Basic clarity of managing the; as managerspeople carry out managerial runs. The basic functions of management are planning, unionizing, substance, heading and controlling. Management applies to all kinds of organizations, be it a profit centered society or a nonprofit organization.Profit centered organizationsare the business organizations with an ultimate objective of earning huge amount of profit.Nonprofit administrations their emphasis is on furnishing better services, need satisfactionof beings. It applies to all managers at all managerial positions. The strive of managersis the same to create surplus, succeeding is concerned with productivity which implieseffectiveness and efficiency. Next we discuss on the objectives of managementthat is efficiency and effectiveness. What is effectivenes? The central primary concern of managersis always to have efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency emphasizes on doing things right, getting the most output for the least input; that conveys, economy emphasizes on optimumutilization of resources. Assets for organizations can be physicalor can can be the physical resources like territory capital machine, and there could bethe resources like, intangible reserves, like customer satisfaction or could be qualityand so on. Efficiency emphasizes on get those things right and effectiveness emphasizeson doing things freedom. Efficiency emphasizes on means and effectivenessemphasizes on the end solutions. Doing things in a liberty nature, effectiveness signifies attainingthe desired objectives or objectives; that necessitates, get the goals done on a timely manner, achieving the satisfaction level of patrons, employees and so on.Objectives of managing the, efficiency emphasizes on reserve utilization and effectiveness emphasizes on destination attainment.So, their focus is different the effectiveness centres is on low-pitched wastage or optimum utilizationof resources effectiveness emphasizes on achievement of points. So, both of them together they getmanagement the low source trash or high efficiency high-pitched goal achievement or high effectiveness.Next we discuss who are administrators? Administrators are someone who can coordinate and overseethe work of other works. So, that managerial goals can be achieved. The purposes couldbe qualitative points quantitative destinations in terms of productivity, profit so quantitativegoals can be attained. Similarly, qualitative objectives which are verysubjective in mood like comfort; pride of hires, contentment of purchasers, andthen quality proficiency of excellence or excellence in the products and services.A managers havestatus they tell others, “what were doing”? They reach strength or the government has they exercise power, they earn more money than the workers, they affect or have a chance to construct differencein other people’s lives. The managers are classified as first linemanagers, middle managers and top managers. First line managers are types, who managethe work of non managerial works or the workers. They supervise the work of workersor non administrative employees or the staff members. Middle directors are individuals who managethe work of first course administrators. Top directors are individuals responsible for realise organizationwide decisions and establishing hopes and destinations, to influence the entire performanceof organizations.Where overseers drive; directors work for organizationsand organizations are defined as, a deliberate arranging of people to accomplish some specificpurpose that individuals separately could not accomplish.So, party is defined as a collection of individuals or a group of individuals, working for a well defined purpose or distinct purpose in a deliberate arrangement. Commoncharacteristics of organizations, they have a distinct purpose composed of people andhave a deliberate structures.So, with intricacy the organizations natureand the business environment has changed, and the structure does not remain intact.The structure mutates from taller hierarchical arrangement to a a flatter structure. Tall hierarchicalstructures have decision making bestowed with the top control, praise organizes havedecisions being given to decision making power gave to people at different hierarchicallevels. So, there is more of empowerment in a newstructure or in contemporary organizational charts. Whereas, contemporary in the traditionalorganizations the structure is more power at the top management. So, this has changedthe structure of organization, the nature of organization.The purpose of organization too does not remain the same. With the text of age, as we have seen the organizations move towards more complexity. So, the purpose in the beginningof when “the organizations activities” starts, there is the organization is in the initiation stage.As it moves towards expansion stage, their purpose changes and when it moves towards stabilitythere is a different purpose. And when the organization faces crisis like situation, “the organizations activities” intent or point changes and its focus is towards reorganization orrestructuring.Managerial heights; there are three differentlevels of administrators organizational generally have the different levels of top overseers, middle managersand firstly indication administrators. The three approachings to define what overseers do. The functionsthey perform, capacities they frisk, sciences they need.First coming runs that managers act; strategy, unionizing, addressing and controlling.Planning makes, defining purposes, objectives and objectives; aims has already characterized goalsgoals of an organization could be qualitative and quantitative goals.Quantitative goals are objective goals of organizations. Qualitative goals are basicallysubjective in nature, subjective in mood. Establishing approaches quantitative goalsare earning, productivity, turnover and so on.Qualitative the objectives are caliber, commodities caliber in the products and services, caliber of productsand business, atonement of needs and so on. So, scheduling basically deals with itsgoal targeted characterizing objectives, launching strategies, to achieve those goals, developingplans to integrate and coordinate activities. To attain these goals objective and subjectivegoals, there are certain approaches or plans of actions.Strategies are otherwise the plansof wars, the action plan put forward by administrators. How they can attain these goals? Next is, developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities. The plans of actionslike how to attain those goals. Planning basically deals with deliberating structures.Arrangement the structures as discussed above whether the organization will have a tallhierarchical structure. Tall hierarchical organization or a flatter organization will be decidedby the managers. Arrangement of projects, who should be given what type of responsibilityand based on the skills and competencies levels of expertise of an individual will be decidedin the organizing function. To attain organizational goals; leadingfunction deals with parties, dealing with or motivating parties to act as per the goalsof organizations. Succeeding with and through people to accomplish those goals.Basically producing affair discusses about how managers can motivate subjects, throughcommunication by incite them through reinforces remunerations and sanctions organize and allocatingconstantly holding them some kind of training so, that they can work as per the plans.Controlling gathering focuses on achieving wanted reactions, checking activities toensure that they the goals are the the managers the subsidiaries attain the goals as planned.So, monitoring operate basically deals with the dominate over people and information.The information, control gatherings basically proposing and decision making, emphasizes onsetting the organizations objectives and deciding how best to achieve them.What is the bestpossible way through which we can attain objectives? Organizing determines, how the best groupactivities and resources can how how to attain, the group activities and resources.Leading affair motivating members of the organization to work in best interest of theorganization. Controlling emphasizes on monitoring and concerning correcting ongoing activitiesto facilitate points. There is a feedback control and a feed forward control.So, existing mechanism emphasizes on the corrective the plans, or the grant a feedback to eachmethod or each manager or subordinate regarding the methods, regarding how to correct to theongoing activities.So, control involves mostly meaning and decision making, unionizing, conducting and controlling. Solid arrows establish a basic string of activities.Dotted arrow show that most administrators engage in more than one work at a time and oftenmove back and forth between the activities in changeable spaces. So, though this planningorganizing directing and controlling, they are sequential; nonetheless, the managers canmove backward and forward in any of these management functions.Planning function mostly, determining administrative purposes and strategies at the time of strategicchange or penalize tuning.As we know that an organization taking an example, say as anorganization moves through numerous phases of lifecycle stagecoaches. So, if I storied likewhen individual organizations starts a new organization. So, start stagecoach or initiation stagecoach isthe stage one. And the second stage you can call it as a raise stage, growth place. Thethird stage is mostly maturity or saturation, maturity stagecoach or saturation and next is decline.So, in the initiation theatre there is a different goal goal is to venture new busines, venturein a market which is new. With the strategy the goal is to have to be known in the marketgoal is to be known to be known in the market. The next objective is as the organization doeswell and thrives in brand-new busines, swelling stage with more products and services more productsand brand-new and the services offered to clients, venturing in expanding in different differentbusinesses expand in different ventures. Maturity stage when the market is almost tomature here, there are many competitors.More contestants , no hodgepodge , no selection in productsand services or so, nearly its a matured or there is a so, the the company is in a maturestate and then it slumps. In the diminish stage the company faces crisis like situationcrisis. So, there are several issues crisis can bedue to external factors due to external factors sudden emergence of say some sudden emergencylike statu, or can be result of internal issues internal issues like leadership change, altering a engineering, change in technology and so on. So, the reasons of crisis couldbe different in all these cases. So, what I wanted to discuss? Planning function identifyingorganizational points. So, administrator need to identify what is the goalof organization in each stage of growth. And policies are decide accordingly, at thetime of tactical change and punishment singing. When there is a change when the ompany isventuring in a brand-new busines at that time the company has to develop brand-new strategies.The strategy is should be to be known in the market. So, the concoction there should be moreemphasis on, the commodity the products, attributes as well as the features to be known to thecustomers to be known in the market.Fine tuning, when the company is in ripen state.When it has already been established, the company has acquired a brand name, a brandloyal clients so, there the emphasis shall not be required to be. The emphasis here if the customersthe company has acquired brand name, there is the corporate name is established corporateidentity as well as its customer base is well known.So, here the emphasis should be to the the plans or programmes would be completely different.There should be more focus on innovation; innovation should be focused innovation orcost minimization should be the focus, there is more investment in research and development.The strategy should be strategy should be innovation and emphasis should be on R andD the emphasis should be on market research. So, that is how the company need to always, the planning function deepens with reporting period. Identifying aims and strategiesat the time of strategic change, when the company faces abrupt there is sudden emergencyor like situation or sudden emergence of crisis.Like what has happened? In case of the crisiscould be due to the product failure like, in case of Nestles Maggie in India there wasan issue of MSG content in the commodity, MSG content in the product.So, as a result there was a huge decline in demand of the product. The commodity was unfitfor intake. So, there was a big rejection and people could not take a parties did notbuy the product. So, there was a crisis like situation the company had a different program, the first mean was the the policy was to communicate to the customers that the productis good enough to be bought, the product need to be the product is fit and without any MSGcontent.So, this the emphasis is not on research and development, but emphasis is on communication.So, the planning modifications as per the altered in goals, as per the change in objectives and changein the strategy “of the organizations activities”. Strategic change, penalty aria, when the company is ina ripen theatre the company is facing challenges from other competitors.The challengers are coming up with inventions. So, therefore, they have to to catch up withcompetition, they have to innovate or invest in research and development so, that theycan offer new products brand-new business in order to gain attention of customers.Managers announced convenes and determine agendas.And while in order to attain these goals so, administrators announce intersects and rectify plans. Considering what will be discussed? In order to attainthese goals and in order to meet with these strategies or plans of actions, administrators calledmeetings specify plans with their subsidiaries considering what will be discussed.Communicate departmental purposes, they need to because any intention in order to accomplishany goal or the plans, it has to be the discussed with the departmental the other employeesof the department to the subjects. So, communication is very important. Communicatedepartmental objectives or the work unit destinations, to the people who are working with them strategiesto the people or the employees who interact with the customers and suppliers.So, the departmental objectives or the work unit destinations need to be communicated to the thoseemployees, who have been interacting with “the consumers “, the suppliers in order to makethem to in order to convey the theme to the employees to the customers and the suppliers.Designing and encouraging change and invention. So, supporting alter and innovation is alsoone of the goals of directors. Negotiating and acquiring incremental alters or penalty aria, punishment carolling to ongoing plans and resources.So, concludingly strategy part is makinggoals and objectives clearer to all employees, shaping programmes or means which so, as tomatch with strategic change, to catch up with contender, punishment aria or meeting incrementalchanges to ongoing programs and natural resources. Sometimes it is also all these goals needto be communicated to managers. Designing and encouraging change and innovation, communicatingdepartmental destinations and strategies designed to beings, who interact with customers and negotiatingand conflict resolution, determining incremental changes to ongoing contrives and resources.Next we discuss about coordinating roles. Coordinating mostly is arrangement of taskswithin a well defined structure. So, here the emphasis is on structure, approval rapport, departmentalization, engineering abused, physical layout, office opening, funds, policies resourceallocation. Structure is can be as discussed, structurecan be a tall hierarchical organize with power center ability at the center or the flatterstructure will have power lavished it at different hierarchical levels.So, arrangements are basically alignment of enterprises or grouping of tasks.Authority isthe ability given to beings based on the positions. Departmentalization is division based on theprinciple of discord of proletariat. Technology used as per the goals, physical layout officespace budgets policies and resource allocation. Leading serve emphasizes on; interpersonalrelationship, communicate with members or interpersonal communication. Encouraging andmotivating members, resolve interpersonal conflicts. Face to face interaction, stafftraining, liasioning and establishing network of relationship with entrants, suppliers, and customers. Leading is mostly when group of people working under a supervisor.In line-up to offset them or to cause them to work according to the goals which havebeen as scheduled to be held in the planning function. So, people need to be communicated about thegoals. A group of parties will have several issues, the issues related to their prides andpersonality discords. So, they need to have to in order to motivate them to work for acommon goal. They need to be resolved of different types of personal issues.The interpersonal communication movements a big role, developing a trust or an environmentof camaraderie is required.So, rulers capacity lies with how to cause people communicateabout the work units goal, resolving conflicts within members.Through face to face interaction, heartening face to face interaction, staffing, allocatingtasks, and training to the employees to improve their efficiency and effectiveness, liasioningand establishing or developing a kind of network of relationship with the adversaries, suppliers, and customers is the major emphasis of passing function.Controlling ensures representatives actions are consistent, they are consistent with organizations valuesand standards.They are also consistent with the organizations purpose, determination or goal.And control capacity emphasizes on controlling the behavior of people and monitoring information.Use of rules there are several rules and regulations policies and procedures, which are used tocontrol the behavior of or see or check the office of managers to control the behaviorof administrators. Control over internal and external informations.There are several data which creep into organizations through various media.So, intelligence reaching coming the right information to the right person is the jobof the manager who is exercising dominant function.Organizations are moving from bureaucraticto administrative to less of bureaucracy or more of say participation participative approach.So administrative operates, there is more of emphasis on control managers rehearsal controlover the subjects. And in a participative culture participation, there is a equal equalweightage given to all employees or consensus based culture. Grocery verify sell controlis watching interaction questioning, clan dominance is shared values norms and beliefs.So, assuring gathering ensures that members actions are consistent with the values normsof organizations. The standard set by the organizations, and the basic purpose is tocontrol information and parties. Use of through use of rules regulations policies and procedures, controlling internal and external information using administrative restrain, market verify, through remark, interaction, questioning and lineage authority by having a culture of sharedvalues , norms and ideas. So, what we have discussed today? We discussedwho a administrator is and then we discussed the managerial role, we discussed about the basicfunctions of management, that is planning organizing directing and controlling.So, overall we discussed about what is management? Why there is a need for management and, howthe goals of an organization alterations? And how how the managers runs reforms overa period of time. With this we conclude the castigate here.Thank you ..
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