I wish to give thanks to the National Army Museum
for welcoming me here today and also I would love to thank you all very much undoubtedly for coming
along. I'' m mosting likely to speak with you concerning casualties sustained by the British Expeditionary Force
in France and Flanders in between 1914 and also 1918, and also I will be concentrating especially on the
evolution of the emptying path and also the appearance of orthopaedic surgical treatment as a specialty.The talk includes two cautions. The initial is that there is the occasional slightly gory photo. Actually, I ' ve compressed it into one photo, so there ' s just one gory slide. Perhaps of higher relevance is that without alerting there may be verse! [AUDIENCE LAUGHS] So, without even more ado, we ' ll hop on. Between 1914 and 1918 the British Army in France as well as Flanders suffered no less than 2.7 million fight casualties. Of the 2.7 million simply over a quarter were never seen by the medical services. Those were the men who had actually been killed, were missing out on or were detainees of war.Just under 3 quarters of the overall variety of casualties were seen by the medical services
, of whom 5.6 per cent of the overall- 151,356 -passed away of their injuries. The worst day, certainly, in British military history during the Great Battle was the initial day of the Fight of the Somme, Saturday
1 July 1916, when there were just under 60,000 casualties, 20,000 of whom were killed or passed away of their injuries
mainly before 9 o ' appear the morning. The Great War was first and primary a weapons battle and the function of the weapons of the Fight of the Somme, artillery as it was viewed in 1916, was damage of barbed cord, damage of the Germans in their deep dugout- because they ' d been there for two years -and also counter-battery job, damage of German artillery.
However, weapons in 1916 was inadequate. They didn ' t have the know-how,
they didn ' t have the sources, essentially the wire was not damaged as well as high dynamites in 1916 were undependable, as can be seen from the lots of shells still located in the fields of France and Flanders today.The Germans were safe and secure in their deep dugouts as well as there
was very little efficient counter-battery job in 1916. The outcome then, at 7.30 am
on Saturday 1 July 1916, was a complete disaster. ' Oh! Jesus Christ! I ' m hit, ' he stated; and also died.
Whether he vainly cursed or hoped indeed, The Bullets chirped- In vain, vain, vain! Machine-guns chuckled,- Tut-tut!'Tut-tut! And the Large Gun guffawed. One more sighed- ' O Mother,-
Mother, – Papa! '. After that smiled at nothing, childlike, being dead. As well as the soaring Shrapnel-cloud. Leisurely gestured, – Fool!'And also the splinters spew, and tittered. ' My Love! ' one moaned.
Love-languid seemed. his state of mind, Till gradually lowered, his entire faced 'kissed. the mud. And the Bayonets ' lengthy teeth grinned; Rabbles of Shells hooted and also groaned; And the Gas hissed. When the Fight of the Somme petered out in. the mud in mid-November 1916, British casualties amounted to 432,000, of whom 150,000 had been.
killed or passed away of their injuries. In addition, 100,000 approximately were also seriously injured.
to serve in any capacity ever again.But: Does it matter?- losing your legs? For people will certainly always be kind, And also you need not
reveal that you mind. When others come in after
hunting To swallow their muffins and also eggs. Does it matter?- shedding you sight? There’s such magnificent help the blind; And also people will constantly be kind,. As you rest on the terrace bearing in mind And also turning your face to the light. Do they matter?- those dreams in the pit? You can consume alcohol as well as neglect as well as rejoice, And also nobody will certainly believe that you’re mad;. For they understand that you ' ve fought for your nation, And no one will certainly stress a bit.In an evaluation of virtually a quarter of a. million casualties confessed to the casualty cleaning terminals in France and Flanders the. bulk were brought on by high explosives or shrapnel.
When guys looked at the top, then rifle and especially. machine-gun bullets took their toll. Hand-to-hand battling within the trenches,. relocating from one segment of a trench to another, led to injuries caused by portable bombs.
and also grenades.Bayonet injuries were conspicuous by their absence, either due to the fact that they didn ' t. happen in any way or
due to the fact that when inflicted they were nearly inevitably fatal. Gas in its different indications was responsible.
for 18 percent of admissions to casualty clearing up terminals by 1918. Mustard gas triggered'.
blistering and issues developed with mustard gas when those blisters became secondarily. contaminated by germs. The most lethal of the three was phosgene which. triggered asphyxiation. It was always practically odourless. There was a mild whiff of moldy hay. and as soon as you ' d smelled that it was also late.This post mortem modifications in the lungs. of a soldier dying from phosgene gas poisoning. The vacant looking areas are in reality air cavities,. or alveoli.
This is where gas exchange takes place. This is where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream. and also carbon dioxide comes out. The pink area below the clear area – these. are also lungs however they are loaded with inflammatory exudate. This client essentially.
sank in his own secretions. The most crucial aspect of battle injuries on the.
Western Front was that they were absolutely unclean. And also the hefty microbial contamination. of the soil, with organisms in charge of tetanus and also gas gangrene, indicated that these. were specifically major troubles in 1914. A lot to make sure that consulting cosmetic surgeon to the. Expeditionary Force, Sir Anthony Bowlby, said: ' It is absolutely vital for success that. wound excision need to be done as soon as feasible after the infliction of a substantial injury. since in such instances gas gangrene might come to be commonly spread within 1 day. It is therefore. needed to operate such 'situations prior to the individual is sent out by train to the base. ' What did he mean by ‘injury excision '? Injury. excision implied removal of all dead, devitalised
tissue.It implied elimination of all international material.- covering pieces, clothing driven into the wound at
the moment the injury was caused,. and also all the filth and also particles from the field of battle that goes deep into the body cells. Just.
healthy, bleeding cells is left as well as just after that, just when you ' ve obtained healthy, bleeding.
cells will certainly the organisms in charge of gangrene be denied of the opportunity to grow.
due to the fact that they only grow in the absence of oxygen. The one gently gory slide is turning up currently
. as well as this is a high-energy private injury, rather than a war wound.
This is what takes place. when human flesh fulfills steel as well as concrete. If you look at the top-left slide, the left. leg is mangled beyond redemption as well as the only service is amputation.
Guarantee when the amputation. is executed to remove all dead, devitalised cells. The top-right slide reveals a very nasty injury. in the appropriate leg with much dead muscular tissue. That dead muscular tissue has been entirely excised as well as. the image on the bottom-right was taken 3 years later, revealing healthy, blood loss. granulation cells. That is what is implied by’ radical wound excision '.
That is the. fundamental principle of battle surgery
as it is the standard concept of private injury surgery.
With that in mind, right here is the discharge pathway. The top of the slide is the front line.
All-time low of the slide is the base. healthcare facilities in Calais, Boulogne and Étaples.
The initial person to treat a wounded soldier. was a regimental medical policeman and he had 16 stretcher bearers. The stretcher holders. went out right into no-man ' s land as well as brought the wounded back to the regimental help message where. emergency treatment was carried out. After that an area rescue thought obligation. You could consider a rescue as a lorry. with a siren
as well as a blue flashing light. That is merely a rescue wagon.An area rescue. is a mobile surgical
hospital. It has a camping tent section as well as the outdoor tents area is responsible. for making a sophisticated dressing terminal
and a primary clothing station to treat the injured.
It likewise has a stretcher holder area as well as. the stretcher bearers go forward to the regimental help message, bringing the injured back to the. field ambulance progressed clothing terminal where the wounded are moved to. the primary clothing terminal or to
the casualty cleaning terminal. In 1914 a clearing terminal was supposed to.
be simply that.It was to clear the casualties back to the base healthcare facilities at Calais, Boulogne.
But it took too long. The clearing up terminals were much sufficient far from the front line to. be generally out of range of covering fire as well as yet close
sufficient that ambulance wagon convoys. can get there sensibly promptly. So it was at the casualty clearing stations,. as the war took place, that a lot of the significant arm or leg and also life conserving surgical procedure was carried out in the past. the individual was sent out by train to the base. Here are some examples. Below ' s a regimental. medical police officer in his regimental help post treating
a wounded soldier. Note there is. a splint. It ' s called a Thomas splint and a Thomas splint was used for dealing with compound. gunshot cracks of the femur or upper leg bone- one of one of the most major orthopaedic injuries. in the Great War.I ' ll claim more regarding that later on. One of the most essential functions of the. regimental clinical police officer was preventative medicine. Great hygiene, excellent sanitation. Definitely. vital. To illustrate that I ' ll tell you a story concerning the 63rd Royal Naval
Division. They were the creation of Winston Churchill. that, in 1914 as First Lord of the Admiralty, knew that there were a lot of seafarers. as well as insufficient ships and also the surplus seafarers were provided a rifle and became a land-based. battling division, the 63rd. They went to Gallipoli in 1915, as well as 1916 saw them on the. Somme under General Shute. General Shute did not like the Royal Naval. Division. They were seafarers, they had beards, they took a seat for God Save The King, for
paradise ' s. purpose.
Most severe of all their trenches resembled latrines and also General Shute shed no possibility. in informing them so. Among their number, AP Herbert, penciled the. following lines regarding General Shute: The general checking the trenches. Exclaimed with'a horrified yell, ' I decline to regulate a department. Which leaves its excreta regarding.
' [TARGET MARKET LAUGHS] However no one took any notice,. No person was prepared to refute That the presence of shit was like-minded.
Compared to the visibility of Shute '. [AUDIENCE CHUCKLES] And also certain accountable movie critics. Hurried to respond to his words, Observing that his team consultants. Been composed completely of turds [TARGET MARKET CHUCKLES] For spunk may be fired at weird corners. And paper provided there to fit. But a shit would be fired without mourners. If somebody shot that shit Shute. ' [AUDIENCE CHUCKLES] On a significant side to this, nevertheless, if you. look at the Boer War a plain 12 to 14 years prior to the outbreak of the Great War, only. 36 percent of British fatalities were triggered by opponent activity.64 per cent of deaths were. triggered by illness.' That disease was typhoid fever triggered by bad sanitation. In comparison throughout the Great Battle on the Western Front. just 4.5 per cent of deaths were triggered by illness. The remainder were brought on by adversary activity. It was the first war in British history where deaths from opponent activity surpassed fatalities. from condition. From the regimental aid article then, cot. holders from the field ambulance take the casualty back to the innovative clothing terminal.- no simple task in the mud of Flanders in 1917 during the third Fight of Ypres, the closing. phases of which are synonymous with a town by the name of Passchendaele.
Squire nagged as well as harassed till I mosted likely to battle,.( Under Lord Derby’s Plan). I died in heck- (They called it Passchendaele ). My wound was mild, And I was hindering back; and after that a shell Ruptured slick upon the duck-boards: so I fell. Into the bottomless mud, as well as lost the light. At sermon-time, while Squire is in his pew,.
He offers my gilded name a thoughtful gaze: For, though reduced down upon the checklist, I’m there;’
In proud and also wonderful memory ‘… that’s my due. Two bleeding years I dealt with in France, for Squire: I suffered misery that he’s never presumed. Once I got home off duty: and afterwards went west … What better splendor could a male desire? When the wounded got to the innovative clothing. terminal they were assessed.They were separated into among three teams: minor wounds, hopeless. instances as well as severe yet survivables. The minor wounds would return to the main dressing. terminal, the helpless instances were placed apart to die- there was no point in losing any type of. time on a helpless instance since you might deprive someone with a severe yet survivable. wound the chance to
live. There was an extremely limited location for surgical treatment. in the early years of the battle at the advanced dressing station.Amputation was urged. in the completely mangled arm or leg.( Rather like the limb that you saw in the slide.) If you. got rid of a mangled limb from a terribly wounded soldier his general condition boosted. These. legs were removed without anaesthetic or with a regional anaesthetic seepage into nerves. to get rid of the entirely mangled extremity.
Apprehension of haemorrhage was another point that.
they had to do.
Haemorrhage is what eliminates people fastest. It ' s a simpler said point. than done
often to do. Bad conditions, deep hole, blood welling up. Often it ' s. extremely difficult
to do that. In proper situations, where the injury is more. distal in the arm or leg, additionally down, you may be able to obtain a tourniquet above it. But. it took a lengthy time to get these casualties back
and also there was a high risk- 80 per cent. of these clients finished'up with an amputation.
By 1918 teams of skilled specialists with an anaesthetist. would certainly go ahead to advanced clothing'stations, so by 1918 they were taking the clinical solutions. additionally ahead to do more significant stuff.Then from the innovative clothing terminal into. an ambulance wagon which was warmed. Very
, very vital. For the very first time a soldier. who had actually depended on a damp covering hole, that was hypothermic, began to really feel warm. And as he. heated up, so his problem improved. Then he came to the casualty clearing up station. The casualty clearing up stations had accommodation for 800 to 1,200 wounded.They were grouped.
together in teams of two or 3, confessing 150
to 300 cases at once prior to passing.
the available to the adjacent station with a comparable area of passion.
Those casualty cleaning terminals, treating. abdominal injuries, chest injuries as well as compound cracks of the thigh were closer to the. cutting edge at a variety of around 10,000 backyards. They were better since these wounds above. all others required early surgery.
Casualty cleaning terminals satisfied 3. vital duties, depending upon the seriousness of the wound. Minor injuries were dealt with in. a minor operations theatre and the casualty kept in the forward area and after that
returned. to the cutting edge. Injuries which were severe but risk-free to send back were instantly transferred. to a train and also place on a medical facility train to the base. Those injuries which threatened limb.
and also life and required instant surgical procedure were kept in the casualty clearing terminal where. they mosted likely to a significant procedure theater to have their surgery.This is Casualty Clearing Station No. 10.
It ' s at an area called Remy House siding which is near Poperinghe.
Poperinghe is seven miles. west of Ypres. There were four casualty cleaning stations at Remy House siding in 1917 throughout the. Third Fight of Ypres, British 10 as well as 17 and Canadian 2 and also 3.
As well as there is Remy House siding. The four casualty clearing terminals at Remy Siding. There are various other casualty clearing up terminals. at Dozinghem, Mendinghem as well as Bandaghem.
There are three casualty cleaning terminals better. onward at a place called Brandhoek. And also it went to Brandhoek that the abdominal things,.
chest injuries as well as compound fractures of the femur were taken care of. The within an operating theater in a casualty. removing station was pretty common. Twin operating room, three teams of specialists and. anaesthetists functioning 16 hours on, 8 hrs off. They maintained 2 running tables working round the. clock until the backlog was removed. Throughout the Third Battle of Ypres, which raved.
between 31 July 1917 and 10 November, there were 24 casualty clearing up stations which dealt. with the wounded from 2 British militaries- the second and also the 5th. Each military had about 150,000 males. There were 379 physicians,
502 nursing sis. They processed over 200,000 casualties and they operated 30 per cent of them at the. casualty clearing up stations.
They operated on 61,423. The total percent mortality. of admissions to the casualty clearing up stations was 3.7 per cent, a reasonably tiny percentage,. yet in absolute terms a lot. The soldiers who did not
get on the train. at Remy House siding stayed below at Lijssenthoek Armed Force Burial Ground, where there are. 10,821 burials.From all this experience, from this significant quantity. of job came growth and research study. I ' m going to say a little bit concerning the growth of. orthopaedic surgical procedure and there are 2 very crucial names. The very first is Sir Robert Jones.
who originated from Liverpool and also the secondly was Sir Henry Gray that occurred to find from Aberdeen.
Robert Jones was the nephew of the Welsh professional. Hugh Owen Thomas who functioned
in the docklands of Liverpool and also his individuals were the inadequate.
and the destitute.Many of these individuals had tuberculosis and also Thomas developed a Thomas.
knee splint for the therapy of tuberculosis.'His nephew, Robert Jones, came to be the Chief.
Surgical Officer throughout the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal and also he used his.
uncle ' s knee splint for the treatment of cracks of the thigh bone, cracks of the femur. Jones presented the Thomas splint for the therapy of compound gunfire fractures of. the femur throughout the Great War.But his principal duty was the growth of orthopaedic solutions. in the UK for late orthopaedic troubles, since there was a genuine issue. In 1914, by December, Jones recognised that healthcare facilities in France and medical facilities in the UK. had lots of paralyzed, disposed of soldiers who had been dealt with severely originally, who. were not fit to return to the Military and they were not fit for discharge into private life.He opened a speculative orthopaedic unit. in Alder Hey in Liverpool in 1915, for the really first time segregating orthopaedic patients. And also he opened what was called an ' orthopaedic centre ' below in London at the Hammersmith. Workhouse in Shepherd ' s Shrub in March 1916. It was opened up for 800 people. What does an orthopaedic centre do? It offered. surgical treatment for late orthopaedic issues. These were problems inevitably complicated by horrible. infection.
There was mal-union of fractures, non-union of cracks, there were nerve injuries.
requiring repair work, there were ligament transfers needing done, there were rigid joints requiring. dealt with.So the late issues. The orthopaedic centre also offered recovery,. what was 'called after that a curative workshop, operating in a range of trades.
Simply moving. a rigid joint bored and also dull, yet relocate in association with an occupation. benefited morale and also recovered function.
In Aberdeen, as an example, they were placed to. operate in making and also healing deep-sea angling internet.
So 1,000 of the very first 1,300 instances returned. to some kind of military service. Jones came to be Supervisor of Military Orthopaedics. in 1916, quickly after he opened his very first orthopaedic centre in Guard ' s Bush.
However. he opened it against major opposition from the London surgical facility of
general. doctors. They were jealous that these upstart orthopaedic doctors were taking away clinical. material from them. They attempted to have actually Jones eliminated from his workplace. Nonetheless, they were.
not successful. By 1918 there were no less than 20 orthopaedic. centres, all round the United
Kingdom, with a total of 20,000 beds, and also the hub was right here. in London at Shepherd ' s Bush.In 1918 the general cosmetic surgeons in London once. again had an attempt to limit the duty of orthopaedics, yet they failed. Which. was mainly as a result of the intervention of this man, Sir Berkeley Moynihan, who later came to be. Lord Moynihan. He was from Leeds, an extremely effective general cosmetic surgeon that was an unfaltering. fan of Robert Jones as well as was very influential in Jones
' s consultation as Supervisor of Military. Orthopaedics. He was powerful sufficient not only to have Jones. appointed, he was also powerful enough to keep him
in the blog post for the remainder of the war against the. envious opposition from the London-based general cosmetic surgeons. Henry Gray was born in Aberdeen. He was a. boy of a wholesale stipulation seller
. He graduated in medicine in Aberdeen in 1895 as well as. ended up being cosmetic surgeon to the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in 1904. He ' s credited with bringing aseptic. surgical procedure to Aberdeen as well as local anaesthesia to surgical treatment in the United Kingdom. Gray as well as Jones and also Moynihan all recognized each. other well. They understood each various other with the Moynihan Provincial Surgeons ' Club. Berkeley. Moynihan in 1909 started this cosmetic surgeons ' club
and it was generally to show to the.
medical facility in London that it was completely possible for surgical growth.
to happen in other places in the United Kingdom in addition to in London. Gray ' s primary payment was the growth. of the acute orthopaedic solutions on the Western Front. He served in France for three and a fifty percent years,. firstly in a group of base hospitals in'Rouen and then as Consulting. Surgeon to the British third Army.The primary orthopaedic issue which confronted. Gray on the Western Front was this -a substance crack of the thigh bone, the thigh. Gray. developed that the death from this wound in 1914 as well as 1915 was someplace in the order of. 80 per cent. Eighty per cent of these soldiers passed away. Jones defined this wound as the tragedy. of the war. It was a disaster since
numerous deaths were avoidable, due to the fact that when the. British Military went to war in 1914 it did so with a series of insufficient splints based.
on the Liston splint, which merely is a post connected down the side of the extremity and the. leg with the crack is connected to it. It ' s quite inadequate. Bone end grinds versus. bone end, leading to too much blood loss. So by the time these
injured soldiers arrived. back at the casualty cleaning stations, they were totally slapped out with hypovolemic. shock which ' s why the majority of them passed away.
The Thomas splint overcame the troubles of. the Liston splint by applying longitudinal grip to the limb and cords linked round. all-time low of the splint. Grip is kept.
As an outcome it effectively immobilised the. fracture, diminishing the blood loss to make sure that injured soldiers treated in a Thomas splint got to.
casualty clearing up terminals in good scientific problem. Jones presented the Thomas splint to the.
Western Front and also it was Gray that guaranteed its
usage in medical practice. Never more so.
than at the Fight of Arras in 1917 which started on Easter Monday, lasted around 6 weeks.
as well as Gray had 1,009 substance thighs in six weeks confessed to his casualty cleaning terminals.
To put that'into viewpoint it would take every health center in the UK accumulating. all their cases of compound thigh regarding two years to collect that number of cases.Gray.
had them in 6 weeks. On the left you see before the fight of Arras,. making use of a selection of splints based upon the Rifle splint, most of clients got to the. casualty cleaning stations in awful shock due to blood loss. The death in the casualty.
getting rid of terminals was 50 percent. Many had actually died prior to they obtained there.There was a.
institution of idea that the only way to deal with a substance femur was to do an amputation, due to the fact that as.
far as anaesthetics were worried the only point they were fit for was a fast whiff.
of gas as well as a brief operation, and also the just short operation under the scenarios was.
an amputation. However, if you look at the right when they.
had the Fight of Arras all substance cracks were dealt with using the Thomas splint.Only.
5 per cent got to casualty cleaning terminals in professional shock as well as the mortality was 15.6 per cent -.
a really, extremely significant reduction in death. Gray'' s amputation price was just 17.2 per cent. All regimental clinical officers were taught just how to use the Thomas splint. The injured were admitted urgently to casualty.
getting rid of terminals taking care of this injury. It needed men who understood what they were doing.
to deal with these injuries properly. All the individuals that were fit for surgical treatment underwent.
instant radical wound excision. It was the extreme wound excision that saved their lives.
yet it was considerably assisted in by the good condition of the injured when they got to.
the casualty clearing stations. Once they'' d had their surgery after that they were.
put on a train where they were competently cared for by nurses from the Queen Alexandra Imperial.
Armed Forces Nursing Solution, reaching base healthcare facilities in France. Cracks of the thigh had actually specifically designated.
health centers. The majority of other wounds were dealt with as and also when they came without specialist resources,.
yet cracks of the thigh were taken care of by specialized workers that recognized exactly how to deal with.
these.They were kept in
France for 6 weeks till. the fracture was sticky. By ‘sticky ' I mean that you can'' t in fact wiggle it regarding any.
much more. It'' s not completely strong yet it is strong enough that you can move the client back to.
the United Kingdom to one of the orthopaedic centres without shedding the placement of the crack. Throughout the Battle of the Somme there were 3,173 fractures of the femur dealt with.
in France.Henry Gray released really commonly throughout the. war. He released in the British Medical Journal. He also composed a publication qualified The Very early Treatment. of Battle Wounds. A contemporary sight of Henry Gray is given by Lieutenant Colonel Carberry who composed. The New Zealand Medical Background of the Great Battle.
Carberry wrote: ' Surgery, specifically that of the cutting edge, was a. specialized of the third Army whose consulting cosmetic surgeon, Colonel HMW Gray, that was noted given that 1916 for his. operate in the therapy of substance gunfire cracks. His memorandum, provided by the 3rd Military. in 1917 created the basis of the front-line medical method of this and also. other armies.
His well-known book, The Early Therapy of Battle Wounds,. released at the end of 1918, epitomised the progressing expertise of that period.
' A contemporary point of view of Henry Gray supplied. by Colonel Mount Stewart RAMC, lately' Support Medical Surgical procedure Consultant and also consultant in
. trauma as well as orthopaedics to the Cosmetic surgeon General, states: ' With three and also a half years of focused. experience of war injuries on a scale hitherto unbelievable and also in partnership with lots of.
brilliant young doctors, Gray had the ability to define the principles of therapy in modern-day.
battle surgical procedure. One can not overemphasize the relevance of Sir Henry Gray ' s publication, The Very early Treatment.
of Battle Wounds. I do not think there is an additional text on war surgical treatment that has actually'given that improved.
it.In terms of the casualty discharge chain our Role 3 armed forces hospital in Camp Bastion. is equal to a casualty
clearing station. ' Sir Berkeley Moynihan, later on Lord Moynihan,. described the Great Battle as
a war of orthopaedic surgical treatment, which without a doubt it was. I would truly. like to pay tribute to a generation of specialists that originated contemporary war surgery. The vision. and also activity of Robert Jones in establishing the concept of partition, unity of control. and connection of treatment of certain categories of injured soldiers on the Western Front and also. the organisation of army orthopaedic centres in the United Kingdom remains among the wonderful. chapters of British surgery. Nearly 100 years have actually gone by because those.
dreadful and also yet instead remarkable times of Remy House siding casualty cleaning terminals.
The number. in the inset is Walter Sutherland, who was with the Canadians, at Canadian Casualty Clearing. Station No. 3. He was a Scot who emigrated to Canada. He ended up being one of the initial Imperial.
Battle Graves Compensation garden enthusiasts at Lijssenthoek following the war. Among his jobs was to.
bury the dead. In my retirement I take groups of former associates. on biking expeditions to the Western Front where we usually meet up with George Sutherland,
. Walter ' s kid, who followed his father right into the Imperial and after that Republic War Graves.
Compensation and retired in the 1980s as well as is a sprightly 91-year-old that takes us round. Lijssenthoek whenever we are there.I leave the last word with Wilfred Owen, that.
was eliminated on the 4 November 1918: Shall Life renew these bodies? Of a truth. All death will he annul, all
rips assuage? Or fill these gap capillaries full again with young people. As well as laundry with a never-ceasing
water age? When I do ask white Age, he saith not so:. ' My head hangs evaluated with snow.
' And also when I hearken to the Earth she saith:. ' My fiery heart reduces aching.
'It is fatality. Mine ancient scars shall' not be glorified. Nor my titanic splits the seas be
'dried. ' As a result of my interest for this subject I teamed. up with one of my surgical associates
in Aberdeen as well as we entailed various other specialists' in various. fields as well as modified this publication on War Surgical treatment
1914-18 as a tribute to the generation of. surgeons that did so much for our specialized.
This is among my passionate visitors. Thank you quite.
