Hi. It’s Mr. Andersen and in this video I’mgoing to talk about the brain structure and affair. Remember structure is what it’smade up of. And serve is what does it do. We sometimes refer to this as the anatomyor formation and physiology or the gathering. And so the cool thing is that we’re goingto go through seventeen different organizes in the ability, kind of lay out the basic planof the psyche. But you are using your brain to process it. And if you do a good job whenwe get to the end and I remember all the portions, you should be able to tell me what their structureis and what their function is. And so what type of organisms have mentalities? It’s the animals.Animals use guts. They have muscles to move around. And so they have to organize thatmovement. And so “theyre using” a brain.And so if we look at the two basic body projects ofanimals, sometimes there radially symmetrical. In other texts they’re structured around almost atire. And then some are bilaterally symmetrical. In other words a tiger you were able to draw a lineright down the centre. There’s going to be a clear right side and a left side. There’sgoing to be a clear breast and intention. And as we became bilaterally symmetrical we had toorganize that move. And so this is a simple animal person intention. And so this animal is goingto move towards the right. And as it does so it has to take in information. We callthat sensory information using neurons. And so right now you’re taking in sensory informationfrom your eyes, from your ears. And then inside your mentality you’re going to integrate thatinformation. You’re going to make sense of it. And then you’re going to figure out whatyou want to do.How you’re going to act dependent upon that. And so then we have this curve ofmotor neurons out. Or motor guts. And so this loop in simple animals is also importantin understanding how our psyche parts. But if we look at these real primitive brainswe find that they have a real common structure. They have these four humps. And we call those, well the first one is not a prominence, but the spinal cord.We then have the hindbrain, themidbrain and then we finally have the forebrain. And we find this consistent throughout allanimals. And if we look at something like a shark, it pretty much searches just like thatprimitive brain. You can be found in down now we’ve got the spinal cord that’s bringing informationin. We then have the hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain. And so one thing you shouldremember is that the closer we are to that spinal cord, the more basic the functionsare. And so we’re right down in this hindbrain. It’s going to be basically stopping the heartbeating.Keep the circulation extending. Digestion in the shark. But when a shark decides toattack you or it has some kind of an psychological response, that’s going to be path up here inthe forebrain. Now if we look at you when you were really little, when you were an embryo, you had a brain that searched very similar. You had a spinal rope. You then had a hindbrain.You had a midbrain. And then you had a forebrain. But during growth that ability changesradically. And so this is what an adult brain looks like. So we still see that spinal cord.We then have the hindbrain. We have the midbrain. But appear how large that forebrain is goingto be. So that’s where all of those feelings and remembrances and all of that meditating, wegenerally attribute to the brain is going to be in the forebrain. And so let’s get tothe actual anatomy. And so there are going to be 17 parts that we’re going to go through.So you are able to ever be thinking what’s the name of the structure? Where is it? And thenwhat’s the purpose, what does it do? So if we look at a basic brain plan we find thesefour things jump out right away.We’re going to see the brainstem. We then interpret a cerebellumon the back of the psyche So again to get yourself oriented right the eyes are going to be rightup here. So this would be towards the back of the principal. So that’s going to be the cerebellum.We then have the area of the thalamus hypothalamus. And then finally we have the cerebrum whichis going to be that dominant upper portion of the ability. And so let’s begin with thebrainstem. The brainstem broken up into three individual structures. So if we startat the bottom we’ve got the medulla oblangata, the pons and then we finally have the midbrain.And so those three things, medulla oblangata, pons and midbrain make up what we call thebrainstem.So that such structures. What’s the run? Well it certainly does two things.The first thing it’s going to do are these more basic needs. It’s going to keep yourselfbreathing, prevent circulation becoming, absorption, withdrawing. All of that is going to be controlledby the brainstem. If there’s any damage to the brainstem it’s going to be catastrophic.What else does it do? Then we have information coming in. So we have sensory information, just like that worm did, coming up to the brain. And then we have motor nerves goingout.And so the brainstem is important in routing that information materials and filtering thatinformation, moving it where it needs to go. What’s behind that? We have the cerebellumThe cerebellum, and the function of that is motor control. So as you do plays, for example, it’s the cerebellum that’s giving you that coordination. And it also gives you motormemory. So as you learn to ride a bicycle and you remember how to razz a bicycle that’sgoing to be thanks to your cerebellum. If we keep moving up we now have the thalamus.The thalamus again sits right on top of the brainstem. And so the best analogy I couldcome up with is a router. It’s mostly sorting data and moving it where it needs to go.If we were to look below that there’s a little structure now that’s incredibly important.It’s called the hypothalamus. That’s going to be really right above the roof of yourmouth.What is that accountable for? It’s homeostasis. So it’s maintaining body temperature.It’s maintaining osmolarity. All of that trash is contained right up in the hypothalamus.Also important in circadian rhythms. And then if we look right below that you can see alittle gland hanging out. And one-half of that pituitary gland, the fanny pituitary, is technically part of the brain. And it’s important in mostly communicating off hormones.And so there are nerves that pour into that pituitary and it’s sending out things likeantidiuretic hormone. That remains your ocean counterbalance the same. Oxytocin would be anotherimportant hormone that comes out of there. If we be moved up then we get to the levelof the cerebrum. What’s the function of the cerebrum? That is incorporation. So what we’redoing is making sense of all of that data that comes in.Now what obligates up that cerebrumare going to be all these neurons. There’s tons of neurons that are connected together.Billions of neurons. And billions and billions of synapses or the relation between these neurons.And that’s where we’re making sense of information as it comes in. Now if you were to look atthis image right here, so of that brick wall, so take a moment to look at that and I’m goingto show you some other portraits. Now focus on this. And then that. And then that. And whatwe find is as you look at those images your ability is integrating.It’s making sense ofall that information. And it used to be a black box. We didn’t know genuinely what wasgoing on. But now we can use technology like a functional MRI. A functional magnetized resonanceimaging. And what we’re looking at here is a brain in action. So this same study wasdone on girls. And what they would show them is something neutral, like a brick wall.And then a kitten. And then something like dirt. And then something like puppies. Andso what we’re determine is as those images are swapping back and forth we can start to seewhere blood is flowing around in the brain and we can start to figure out what the differentparts of the brain actually do.We’re able to figure out their office. So when we’relooking at the cerebrum every picture that I’ve evidence you is from the side. So the eyeis up now. But if we were to rotate that 90 magnitudes now were looking at it head on, we’ll find that there are two hemispheres. There’s going to be a right and a left hemisphere.Now they are connected in the middle squandering something called the corpus collosum. So that’sa connect of nerves in between the two hemispheres. And we do tend to show lateralization.There are going to be certain things that we kept kind of on the left of our ability, like scientific reasoning and logic. And things that we put on the right side likefacial identification. Now this is plastic. In other terms we can move these functions backand forth.And you can even have a revolutionary hemispherectomy, where you’re carving oneof these out and you still have a functioning brain. Now if we were to go right below thecorpus collosum we get into this area called the basal ganglia. And it’s made up of a bunchof nucleu. What are nuclei? Or what is a nucleus in a psyche? It’s basically a cluster of neuronsthat are right next to each other that have the same function. And so all of these nucleitogether make up what’s called the basal ganglia. And you can see this would be the corpus collosum, connecting it together as well. So this is below the cerebral cortex. What’s the functionof that? Well scientists have been able to figure out there is this complex interactionof inhibition and excitatory response between these neurons. And mostly it controls alot of our machine see. And if you have somebody who has Parkinson’s disease thenwe’re having problems in this basal ganglia area. As we move farther up the brain we eventuallyget to the cerebral cortex. And that’s going to make up about 80 percent of the brain.So it’s most of the brain itself.And it’s broken apart into these four lobes. And soif we start in the front of the brain we have what’s called the frontal lobe. What’s thefunction of that? It’s mostly manager serve. So it’s kind of like the boss of your brain.It’s feeling sovereignty up there. And if we have people who have damage to that frontallobe they have really vast psychological jives. As we move back towards the back of the brainwe get to the parietal lobe.What’s the operate of that? It basically is hotshot. It’s youdealing with and reacting to your environment. So we have a lot of neurons coming in herefrom a sensory input. As we move to the back we have the occipital lobe. The operate ofthat is vision, primarily see. And then we move on to the side. We have what are calledthe temporal lobe. Temporal lobe is going to be important in language. It’s importantin hearing. It’s also important in reminiscence. We have a lot of memories in there. And soeach of these lobes have differing runs that are associated with it. And hopefullythose little icons help you retain those functions. Now if we were to go inside theparietal zone we’d spot a really important part now. It’s called the somatosensory cortex.And that’s where sensory knowledge is coming into the brain. And then on the other sideof the lobe we have what’s called the motor cortex. And so running path back to that louse, we have information coming in, sensory message. And then we have motor yield coming out.And so that’s going to be a place of desegregation where we get information in.Decide what wewant to do with it. And then cast that sense back away. Now if we were to look at that somatosensorycortex and map it along the cerebral cortex, we would find that we dedicate huge amountsof that intelligence surface area to things like your fingers, your tongue, your lips. In otherwords we have way more neurons and style more sensory intelligence coming in from your fingersas opposed to, for example, your back. We don’t have as much of it dedicated to thaton the back side. We had been able to functional MRIs and then even an operation to figureout where a lot of these things are located, like discussion and stink and hearing. But overthe future we’re going to do really really good at figuring out solely what areall of the different parts of the brain.What are the nuclei? What do they do? And evenmapping it down to the level of the neuron. So how did you do? Do you remember those 17 different arrangements and their functions? Well it’s time to review. So let’s go throughit. What’s this one at the bottom? Overall we call that the brainstem. Hopefully yougot that. What are the three parts of the brainstem though? Do you be borne in mind that? Couldyou pause the video and then say what they are? Well starting from the bottom rememberwe have the medulla oblongata.We then have the pons. And then we have the midbrain. Sothat’s going to be the structure and where it’s noticed. Can you remember the two functionsof the brainstem? Two large-scale things were, number one is to maintain breathing, heart rate, absorption, swallowing. So these fundamental assets of life. But what’s the secondone? Remember it’s to sort information going up and down. What’s behind that? What’s thatstructure announced? That is the cerebellum. And so what’s the cerebellum do? Rememberthat’s coordination, machine mastery and also machine recollection. Do you recollect what sits rightup above the brainstem? That is the thalamus. What’s the thalamus do? Remember it sortsinformation as it moves up to the upper parts of the cerebrum. What’s below that? That isthe hypothalamus.Underneath that. What does that do? Remember that’s homeostasis. It’smaintaining that internal person government. Do you remember what hangs off the bottom of that? That is the posterior pituitary. Hopefully you’re doing well still further. If we keep goingthen, what is this upper portion of the psyche called? We call that the cerebrum. Okay let’skeep going into the cerebrum the. So do you retain what’s that connection between thetwo hemispheres of the ability? We call that the corpus callosum. And do you retain whatwe call those little nuclei that are found below that cerebrum? Those are called thebasal ganglia. And they’re really important in motor control.And recollect the corpuscallosum countenances our hemispheres to connect. If we were to go up to the upper portion, what do we announce this, you know, highly folded upper parcel of the cerebrum? That’s calledthe cerebral cortex. Do you retain what the front lobe is called? That was prettyeasy. That’s called the frontal lobe. What about the yellowed lobe right here? That’s calledthe parietal lobe. Do you remember what they do? Frontal lobe remember is exec orboss like performs. And then parietal is going to be perception of the environment.What about at the end? Do you remember that? That’s called the occipital. And then whatabout the bottom? That’s the temporal. Occipital remember is the location where we have vision.And then temporal is going to be more language, hearing, recollections are there. Now there aretwo other characters in our lobe.So what do we announce this area right here? And then this arearight here? Those are called the somatosensory cortex. Remember that takes in info, performs appreciation of it. And then we have the motor cortex which is sending information out. Sothose are those 17 arrangements. If you don’t remember them you may want to watch the videoagain. Maybe originate some flashcards. But that’s the psyche. And I hope that was helpful ..
