LINDSAY COMPTON: Hello,
Google as well as visitors. Welcome to Talks at Google. My name is Lindsay
Compton, as well as I service author
collaborations here at Google. As well as I'' m a proud partner– a happy participant of our employee source team, VETNET. I'' m so fired up to host today'' s. discussion with two really notable visitors, retired.
US Navy captain, Joellen Drag-Oslund, as well as Pulitzer.
Champion journalist, Beverly Weintraub. Joellen was the initial United States.
Navy women helicopter pilot, the very first female assigned.
to task aboard a United States Navy ship, and also first women combat.
search and also rescue helicopter airplane leader, among.
numerous other awards. Her most impactful.
achievement, in my viewpoint, was her successful.
obstacle, in partnership with many other army.
women innovators, a Federal regulation that left out women from.
serving on US Navy ships. As a women experienced myself who.
spent the majority of my occupation on ships or released.
abroad, I'' m acutely conscious of the influence.
Joellen has carried my entire.
professional occupation, and also the training course she.
proceeds to chart for all females in the military.Beverly Weintraub
is the. executive editor at The 74 Media, has written for several. prestigious publications, and also in
December, made her. writer debut with the book, “Wings of Gold: The Story of. the First “Women Naval Aviators.
” Ladies, thanks for.” all your impressive job over your particular occupations. Thank you for paving the. means for women like me, and also thanks for sharing.
your time and also experiences with Google. Welcome. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: Thanks. It'' s a pleasure to be below. Thank you a lot, Lindsay,.
for your intro, as well as thanks for.
this possibility to provide to Talks.
at Google today as component of your Ladies'' s. History Month program. It'' s an honor to.
be speaking with you and also to tell you the
story. of my fight, to fly at sea.I ' m likewise extremely delighted that. Beverly will be joining us at the end of my discussion. I'' d like to start. my discussion with a brief video clip. [VIDEO PLAYBACK] – In January, 1973,.
eight female trainees were chosen to educate as.
United States Naval pilots. 4 months later, the females.
reported to Pensacola, Florida, for trip training. Six of the initial.
8 females took place to earn their wings of gold.
and also came to be the very first females to be marked.
full-fledged armed forces pilots. The initial class of.
ladies Naval aviators includes Judith Neuffer,.
Barbara Allen, Jane Skiles, Ana Marie Scott, Joellen.
Drag, as well as Rosemary Sailor. These devoted.
females came to be fully incorporated right into their.
squadrons, ultimately commanding some of these systems. While there were difficult.
conditions along the road, these six women stood firm and also.
made long-term payments. Their success made it possible.
for subsequent female Naval aviators. These six pioneers.
clearly shown that ladies have the.
physical as well as mental capacity to fly not just Naval.
aircraft, yet do all army goals. Their success set an instance.
for the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Shore Guard to emulate.These solutions
ultimately.
opened pilot training to ladies, for life altering the face.
of military aeronautics. Their guts and resolution.
airborne, at sea, and also on the ground paved the method.
for all future female army pilots by regularly.
being initial females and also opening up new aircraft.
kinds and objectives. Some 19 years later,.
the opportunity for women to fly all.
kinds of airplane in the armed forces inventory.
came true. Basing on the.
shoulders of the WASP, their successes confirmed.
the capability of females to fly and offer their.
nation anytime, anywhere. [END PLAYBACK] JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND:.
That video clip played at the induction of the initial.
class of six females Naval pilots right into the Females in.
Aeronautics International Pioneer Hall of Popularity in Orlando.
in March of 2017.
I'' d like to commit my talk. today to Captain Rosemary Seafarer, US Navy retired. Rosemary passed away.
in January of 2019 after a hard-fought, five-year.
fight with ovarian cancer cells. Rosie and I fulfilled in.
policeman candidate school where we were.
appointed as ensigns, and we finished the initial part.
of our Naval training together. She was my dear pal.
for even more than 46 years.Rosie was the
first lady to.
fly a tactical jet in the United States army, and also her influence on the.
Navy and ladies military pilots is immeasurable and prolongs.
to every woman pilot in all solution branches today. My husband and I signed up with.
her hubby, Tommy, as well as Rosemary'' s household as well as. dozens of other armed forces women at her– aviators at her funeral.
outside Knoxville. Where, for the first.
time in Navy background, a development of 4.
Navy F-18 Super Hornets, all released and also flown by Navy.
women pilots and landing crew, carried out an overpass as well as.
the missing out on female maneuver. That overpass represented the.
end result of whatever the very first six of us, as well as.
Rosemary specifically, had actually combated for. Rosie is irreplaceable, as well as.
her assistance and leadership are greatly missed.
as we continue to benefit females'' s. equal rights in the military.And this is a photo
of. the combat-qualified
and experienced pilots who flew. that fly over formation.
We had the ability to meet. them later on that evening,
and I was so satisfied. by their expertise, their commitment to our. country, as well as their admiration of background. My story begins in. November of 1972.
I was a 22-year-old. university pupil as a result of
graduate in one. month with a bachelor ' s in political science.'and not at all sure what to do
with my future. The very early ' 70s were an extremely. interesting time for ladies, and also a lot of
obstacles. were coming down. The Equal Rights Amendment, the. ERA, appeared like it would certainly pass.
Females were beginning. to make developments in education and learning as well as the labor force,. thanks to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Liberty Act,. which prohibited work discrimination,. quote, “since of sex.” A phrase that was.
added almost as a joke to that” historical legislation. An additional essential however. little-appreciated event at the time was the.
passage of Title IX, an extensive Federal law. that forbids discrimination on the basis of sex in any type of. federally-funded education and learning program or task,.
consisting of sports. It broke the ice for females ' s. competitive sports programs in the US.In addition, the Vietnam.
Battle was virtually over, and also the armed forces draft was. scheduled to finish in 1973. The preferred message. of the ' 70s was that ladies might do. anything, however the 'truth was fairly different.
It was still hard to damage. right into non-traditional tasks, and the promise of.
females ' s equality hadn ' t really got to.
the mainstream. And also it especially.
hadn'' t reached guys. Ladies'' s lib was in its infancy,.
as well as this young “” Miss Publication”” cover highlights the blended.
messages of the moments. “” You can be a Navy pilot, yet.
wouldn'' t you rather really be a supporter?”” And also the article regarding me.
was near completion right after the cookie dishes. To recognize the.
opportunities of the '' 70s, we need to return to. the 1940s and also Globe War Two, which had many parallels.
for women in the United States. The army encountered a lack of.
workforce, as well as they were abrupt. As well as females were needed for.
lots of jobs that had formerly been taken into consideration.
practically unimaginable, consisting of military service.You may recognize. with the Rosie the Riveter posters of females.
who offer the battle as private citizens. Lots of other females.
signed up with the army, including my very own mom, who.
offered in the US Marine Corps. And below she is with my daddy.
in Washington DC in 1947. However there was one more.
team of females who loaded even more dangerous.
and also bold tasks throughout Globe Battle 2, the Female Air Force.
Solution Pilots, or WASPS as they were understood. From 1942 to 1944,.
there were 1,074 WASPS that certified to fly.
military airplane. They were educated.
to fly as well as transfer every aircraft that the.
army flew at that time, and 38 of them offered their.
lives satisfying that mission. However due to the fact that they.
were ruled out to be army participants under.
the standards at the time, a dropped WASP had to be.
buried at family expense without traditional.
armed forces honors or even a main letter.
recognizing her sacrifice.The Military would certainly not. also allow the US flag to be positioned on the casket. In December of 1944,. the continuing to be WASPS were all sent out house with. a spoken thank you.
They had no military. seasoned status, no advantages, as well as also had to pay their.
own method to come back home. With their disbandment, a take on.
new chapter in females'' s equality abruptly ended. Fast onward thirty years.
to the early '' 70s, and the armed force. services were again encountering a lot of the.
very same manpower shortages as they had in Globe Battle Two. For the Navy and its.
Principal of Naval Workflow, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, the answer.
to those manpower shortages, as soon as again, was women. Admiral Zumwalt was a.
very forward-thinking CNO, and also he did not.
like waiting about for researches and boards.
or legislative activity. He was widely known for sending.
out major policy modifications in the type of Principal of.
Naval Workflow messages. They were nicknamed Z grams. With the period all.
but certain to pass, or so it showed up at that.
time, the impending end of the armed forces draft as well as.
the imminent need for an all-volunteer.
army force, Admiral Zumwalt.
composed Z gram 116, Equal Rights and also Opportunities.
for Women, in August of 1972.
It was a huge advance.
for females in the armed forces as well as the Navy, both.
police officer and also got, as well as it opened several.
scores and specializeds to women that had previously.
been denied to them. But it wasn'' t until.
November of '' 72 that Admiral Zumwalt. released a follow-up message as well as opened Navy trip training.
to women for a trial program, and it was this message that.
a buddy put in my hands in early November of 1972 and also.
claimed, you must choose this. People commonly ask me, whatever.
made you think you could do it? And I'' ll be truthful,. to some level, I simply really didn ' t understand. what I was getting involved in. My youth as a. Navy brat most definitely prepared me in numerous ways. As did my moms and dads,.
particularly my mom, that constantly encouraged.
my sis, and brother, and also I never to be terrified.
and to try anything. Among my father'' s duty terminals.
was an obscure Naval terminal in the Philippines.
called Sangley Point.As youngsters, we obtained. to do a whole lot of things that lots of kids. just fantasized around.
Swimming and snorkeling in. the neighboring bay as well as sea, whitewater rafting,. and also remainder and relaxation trips around the Philippines. In the future in high.
college and also university, training and also jumping.
steeds became my interest. Packing hay as well as.
shoveling horse manure would later on offer me quite possibly.
in the Navy on so lots of degrees. And it was those experiences.
that provided me my confidence. With Z gram in hand, I went down.
to the local Navy recruiter, who had not yet.
seen the message, and also didn'' t even believe. that it was legit.
When I returned the. following day, my function was much more welcoming. After passing the created.
trip ability examination as well as doing a round of.
hiring promotion images, I was off to ladies.
officer candidate institution in Newport, Rhode Island.
in mid-January of 1973. I utilized to be a little.
embarrassed by this image that appeared on the front web page of.
the “” San Francisco Chronicle,”” yet miniskirts and also go-go boots.
were actually in back after that. And also so currently, I'' ve. determined to own it.
I happily took the vow. of enlistment carried out by my father, a.
retired leader that served 30 years in the Navy.My ladies
officer.
class was the last one to be gender set apart,.
yet an additional sign that steps were being taken.
to equalize possibilities for women in the Navy. As well as it remained in women.
policeman institution that I met four of the various other.
females that had been chosen for pilot training. As the CNO'' s message.
had guided, of the eight women.
who were chosen, four were recruited from.
private life, like myself, as well as four were women on active.
responsibility or already in ladies officer college. Together, this image.
from one officer school is taken alongside an.
H3 helicopter, which was the last model that.
I flew in the Navy. Two of the air travel prospects.
eventually left, as well as that left 6 of us to.
full pilot training.After receiving
my payment. as an ensign in May
of 1973, I was off to Pensacola. for Naval flight training.
It was a terrific relief. to satisfy the other women, however as a result of course routines. as well as firm jobs, we didn ' t really obtain to. invest a whole lot of time with each other.
Actually, after aviation ground. institution in Pensacola, Florida, we nearly never ever saw. each various other once again. Essentially, all of us went
through. our flight training alone.
This image reveals Dane Skiles– Jane Skiles O ' Dea, Barbara Allen. Rainey, Judith Neuffer Bruner, as well as myself, the initial 4.
ladies to complete Navy flight training. Since Admiral Zumwalt.
had opened Nay aviation– Naval aviation to.
women by decree and also stated it a.
test program, very little idea had been offered to.
details like flight equipment that would fit us, proper.
uniforms for physical training.We just had attires. with skirts as well as heels, and
whether the physical conditioning. criteria were to be readjusted or to
continue to be the same as. they were for the men.
We were the guinea. pigs, and we promptly figured out that the Navy. was very concerned.
As well as by that, I indicate completely. stressed with our meant
lack of physical toughness. and also particularly our upper-body stamina. You may not recognize that ladies ' s. sporting activities programs in senior high school as well as college were basically. missing in the ' 60s as well as ' 70s.
Women were simply not. expected or motivated to be fit, and also in several.
situations, actively prevented. When ladies first tried to get in.
the Boston Marathon in 1966, the AAU thought that it was.
physiologically impossible for women to run. that much since it would damage their. reproductive body organs as well as trigger them to grow.
hair on their chest. As Bobbi Gibb, the initial.
lady to unofficially complete the marathon in 1966. would certainly later state bluntly, they hesitated our.
uterus would drop out. By the way, she completed in.
a reputable three hours, 21 mins using a bathing. fit, her brother ' s Bermuda shorts, and young boys running shoes. because they really didn ' t make them for ladies back then.Thanks to Title IX, which.
I mentioned previously, females ' s sports programs. took a substantial jump onward and also with it
, women ' s. physical conditioning and access to affordable sporting activities programs. This year, in truth, marks the. 50th wedding anniversary of Title IX. To test our toughness,.
the six people were executed a. number of test trips in numerous various airplane,. mimicing various emergency situations
, such as engine. hydraulic, trip control, as well as electrical failures. Because I had no trip. experience, the only one of the 6 of us that.
didn ' t, I thought that all aircraft had really. rigid, heavy flight controls. Weeks later in my.
training, I uncovered what a wonderful.
difference working hydraulic-assisted flight. controls could make. Our fitness training. been composed of a timed 1 and also 1/2 mile run, a timed.
obstacle program, both in deep sand,.
pull-ups, push-ups, sit-ups, swimming in a pool as well as Pensacola. Bay, and survival training both on land and also in water.I uncovered a couple of.
years ago that I was the only women. of the first six to satisfy all the guys ' s standards. for physical training thanks to my years of riding. equines, filling hay, and also yes, shoveling manure. This attention image. shows Barb and also Judy wearing their attire. skirts and also heels as well as standing in
the sand in. front of the obstacle
program climbing up wall surfaces. And also probably asking yourself. if the Navy was even considering proper. fitness equipment for women pilots. The swimming examinations. were additionally tough. There was a one mile swim,. leaping off of a 15-foot tower, stepping water for a hr, an. open ocean swim, a parachute drag, a slide permanently, and also. a rope ladder climb all performed in flight matches,.
boots, and also helmets.One of the swimming. requirements was recognized as the Dilbert dunker. It was created to educate pilots. to make it through an accident on the
water by getting out of. their aircraft after it was undersea and also bottom-side-up. As well as here it is, undersea. as well as upside-down.
I had some problem. with the dunker.
My parachute harness. was also huge for me, and it came to be wedged. in the cover bar when I attempted to escape.The rescue swimmer. needed to kick me free,
and I got the feared.
thumbs down and needed to repeat the entire thing. My flight training began. with main training in the T-34 in. Pensacola and after that on to basic training,. that included aerobatics, tools, as well as. formation flying in the T-28 at. nearby Whiting Area.
And also afterwards, all pilots were. picked for their pipe.
Jet, multi-engine,. or helicopter.
The Navy'' s plan was to place 3
. women in props as well as three females in helicopters. We were not allowed jets.
because of the Federal statutes in position at the.
time that banned females flying in fight.
airplane, as well as all jets were taken into consideration combat.I actually had no
.
preference as well as assumed helo seemed like a great deal of.
fun, however my friend, Rosemary, had no intention of allowing the.
Navy assign her to helicopters. She was the initial lady to obtain.
a bachelor'' s level in aeronautics technology from.
Purdue University, as well as her sights were set on jets. She lobbied hard and persuaded.
the Navy to place her into props, as well as she did eventually.
fly tactical jets. And later on, she was.
the first female to regulate a functional.
aeronautics armada. To make sure that implied that simply 2.
of us wound up in helicopters. I have a number of sustaining.
memories of my trip training. One was my 2nd key.
training flight in the T-34. The initial flight in the T-34 is.
just a familiarization trip, and the trainer does.
many of the flying. But on the 2nd.
trip, the student manages the trip controls.
nearly exclusively, and also I assume it was that.
point that I really understood what I'' d obtained myself right into. Certainly you study your.
procedures all along the means and try to make this best.
due to the fact that your trainer pilot, of course, is rating.
you every action of the means. So we entered the aircraft as well as.
went speeding up down the runway.I had my hands on the. throttle in the stick and also revolved the airplane, the.
wheels took off the ground, as well as I definitely iced up. I might not think of what.
was expected to find next. All I could consider.
was, oh my benefits, I'' m flying an'aircraft. I can ' t believe this.
I had my fatality hold on the. stick as well as my death grasp on
the throttle, and also I wasn ' t. concerning to let go of either one.
So I ' m type of recognizing that. I ' m failing to remember something and also waiting on the instructor. pilot to punch me in the back. Lastly, he type of pipes up and also.
says, so, where are you from? I stated, California. As well as he goes, so what do.
they elevate in The golden state? I'' m questioning where this.
is going, so I'' m reasoning, well, we increase a lot of crops– fruits, nuts,.
veggies, every little thing. And also he goes, hmm, do they.
ever before increase the touchdown equipment in The golden state? I'' d neglected to increase. the touchdown gear.So I required myself to. allow go of the throttle, promptly increased the landing equipment,. and returned to my fatality hold, believing, I know there'' s a lot more. I have actually neglected another thing. Finally he pipelines.
up again, so what do you intend the.
winds are up below? I stated, well, they were 250.
at 20 when we left the area. He goes, well we'' re a long. methods from the field by now. What do you think they are here? And also I said, truthfully,.
I have no idea. As well as he goes, well, why don'' t you. stick your hand out the window and also see? I'' d additionally failed to remember.
to close the canopy.So I finally closed the cover. and points started to come back to me and the rest of the flight.
proceeded instead uneventfully, however I'' m certain that.
trainer pilot talks about that flight.
to this day, where he reached make use of every.
line that he'' d ever before practiced on a student. One of my other.
memories was the day that I needed to fly three.
45-minute training jumps, back to back, in.
the T-28 without touchdown. My flight was.
postponed a fair bit, and I took in one also.
several glasses of iced tea.There ' s a penalty. line in the Florida warmth in between continuing to be moisturized.
and also having to make use of the washroom. As well as equally as illustrated in.
the movie “” Hidden Numbers,”” the local women'' s washroom. was 2 buildings far from the prepared.
area, and also that was the last place you desired.
to be when your teacher pilot showed up for your jump. After greater than 1 and 1/2.
hrs airborne and 45 mins to go, I frantically.
required the bathroom.The T-28 had a relief tube for. pilots to use while flying.
As well as I ' ll leave that. to your imagination, yet it
' s a funnel linked.'to a tube that airs vent to the beyond the aircraft. I was so hopeless.
I believed I'' d try, however the relief tube was.
stuck under the seat and would certainly not.
rise much sufficient for me to even attempt to use. Intending to do the ideal thing.
for my fellow male pilots, I composed up the inconsistency.
after the trip– “” relief tube too brief.”” The upkeep sign-off.
the following day was “” pilot has wrong tools.”” Ultimately, I endured it all.And because the
Navy was.
nervous to get us out of training and.
right into the real Navy, I completed a 13-month.
program as well as just 10 months. I obtained my Wings of.
Gold in April of 1974 as the Navy'' s fourth lady.
pilot and also the first woman helicopter pilot. I was 4 months short.
of my 24th birthday celebration. My first obligation station.
was Helicopter Combat Assistance Squadron 3, HC3,.
at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, flying.
the Boeing H-46 Sea Knight helicopter. As well as this is a photo of an.
H-46 flying over the San Diego Coronado Bay Bridge. An H-46 is a quite big helo,.
virtually 46 feet nose to tail, as well as over 84 feet long.
consisting of both rotor arcs. It carried 22 people or a.
3,500 extra pound external load as well as its optimum gross takeoff.
weight was 22,000 pounds. I was a bit frightened.
the very first time I saw it, yet flying it was truly a desire.
and also I required to it right away. HC3 had a twin mission– to train pilots and aircrew.
transitioning to the 46 as well as to release vertical.
replenishment detachments aboard supply ships. An upright replenishment.
detachment'' s primary objective was to transfer.
travelers, cargo, and mail between.
2 ships mixed-up, as well as this photo shows an external.
freight tons being transferred.My reception in the. squadron was excellent.
They already had. gotten females designated as well as some were even in the. upkeep department fixing the helos. There was additionally one. various other female officer
that operated in the. management division
. Generally, my powerful. officers and also fellow pilots were very helpful. Right here I am holding. my signature headgear that is currently on display screen at. the Air as well as Area Gallery
in San Diego ' s Balboa Park.What was a major problem
as I swiftly discovered was Federal Legislation 10
United States Code Area 6015 which stated that Navy
ladies, quote, “” might not be designated to aircraft that
are engaged in battle objectives nor may they be assigned to
task on vessels of the Navy aside from hospital
ships or transports.”” In 1974, there were no
transportation ships left in the Navy as well as the only hospital
ship got on the East Coastline and rarely left the dock.The history behind this legislation was fairly intriguing. After the experiences of World War II, the army services were devoted to preserving and even
expanding the role of servicewomen
and putting those changes into regulation. In the Congressional record of 1948, the Navy in fact suggested enabling ladies to serve on ships but Congress would have
none of it. Particularly, Congressman Carl Vincent, the effective head of the Armed Providers Committee, was vehemently opposed to enabling women to serve on ships or fly airplane on the grounds that it exposed them to battle.
“Simply fix it so they can not most likely to sea in all,” he stated in legislative testament. “Section 6015 was the resulting legislation and the factor I” wasn ' t even allowed to float over a ship anchored off the San Diego Coast and why the 6 people were initially not allowed to fly jets due to the fact that they were all thought about battle aircraft.
In a karmic little historical irony, the nuclear-powered service provider USS Carl Vincent, which bears the congressman ' s name, was one of the first contender ships to have a gender-integrated team in the ' 80s after 6015
was modified.And additionally, in 2012, the Navy ' s first all-women E-2C Hawkeye staff flew a combat mission from the USS Vincent. They were members of Carrier Airborne Early Caution Armada 125, which was gotten started on the provider.
That trip may have been one of the very first “unmanned” trips from a United States provider. Understanding that 6015 was preventing me from doing the main mission of my squadron which it would certainly significantly influence my job, I began seeking means to transform the legislation.
Our armada garage occurred to be throughout the road from our wing commander personnel building as well as simply down the road from the Pacific Naval Air Force commander
workplaces, so doing anything under the radar was not an alternative. In March of 1976, I. began by creating a letter asking for shipboard release.
to the Assistant of the Navy through the chain of command.My commanding police officer gave. it a desirable recommendation as well as sent it to.
the wing commander, which was the last. I ever heard of it.
Clearly a respectful demand. submitted in accordance with Navy guidelines was.
not going to have any impact. I soon found out that.
the ACLU had actually already filed a legal action on behalf. of 3 Navy employed women who were
challenging. the constitutionality of 6015.
A number of months later on, I. included my name, as a complainant, to the lawsuit together with 2.
other Naval ladies officers.
I was the only pilot. among the 6 complainants.
I continued flying at. HC-3 up until late 1977 as well as certified as helicopter. airplane leader. I flew many unique.
objective procedures as well as I found out how.
to vert rep ashore, however I was never ever allowed to land.
on or deploy aboard a ship.
I did lastly get to. method shipboard landings throughout my last two. months in the squadron.
During the discovery. process for the suit
, the Navy refuted that it. had ever before restricted women from shipboard landings,. which was definitely news
to me and my commanding policemans. That last-minute shipboard. touchdown credentials proved vital at my following responsibility
. terminal, Naval Air Terminal Point Mugu, near Santa Barbara.While in HC-3 in. San Diego, I was under the close watch of the. wing kind as well as fleet commanders. It was an entire various. globe at Point Mugu. It appeared like no one.
was enjoying anything and also the nearby people in the. pecking order, up the method, were no place to be located. I was assigned to the.
procedures division as a helo pilot where.
our key objectives were search and also rescue and also tools.
examination and analysis support.The latter involved mainly. target drone healing from the Pacific Ocean. off of Factor Mugu in Southern The Golden State. And this is a. image of a target being recouped in
that location. Target drone recuperation was
constantly. a very challenging procedure. Targets would certainly sometimes get shed.
and we needed to look for them, harnesses wouldn ' t deploy. effectively for pickup or the drones would. partially sink.
On one of my healings,. the drone harness did not rest properly.
and also the drone began flying back. and forth at the end of the necklace under
the helo.That ' s a very hazardous.
situation, of training course, and also we had to release it.
A couple of thousand well worth.
of drone skipped across the water like.
a stone on a pond as well as broke down. right into 1,000 pieces. Look and also rescue operations. were one more possibly risky goal. You never ever knew when.
or where you would be contacted us to rescue. somebody on land or mixed-up.
My initial rescue entailed. a small noncombatant plane flying to Bakersfield. that crashed in the steep, snow-covered.
canyons in the hills North of Ventura, eliminating two.
of the three people aboard. The only survivor took care of. to survive on dissolved snow and also pests for regarding a week. prior to the Civil Air Patrol detected him in a high canyon. Our helo was contacted us to. rescue the survivor, as well as as soon as on the scene,.
we lowered our crewmen concerning 100 feet down. to the crash site.But prior to we can hoist.
the survivor aboard the helo, he had one request. He had damaged both of.
his wrists in the crash, but had actually taken care of to unzip his.
pants to alleviate himself, and also currently he required our crewman. help to zip up his pants. In spite of whatever. he had actually been through, dignity dominated. As well as this is a photo of our.
crew after we were offered with the rescue citation.
In July of 1978, while I. was based at Factor Mugu, Court John Sirica,. of Watergate fame, from the United States District. Court in Washington, DC, bied far his. decision on 6015, proclaiming it unconstitutional,. which cleared the means for me to be able to formally.
land aboard ship and also release. The trouble was, at Point Mugu,. we never ever released aboard ships.But then destiny stepped in– a huge Naval exercise. was set up off the coast of. Southern California, and they needed drone recuperation. crews and two helicopters aboard the
USS Vancouver,.
an aquatic assault ship. I immediately.
offered, as well as due to my last-minute shipboard.
landing qualification in HC-3, I was one of the.
few existing pilots. In late 1978, I flew aboard for.
my very first shipboard release and the following six. days became a brag among the most remarkable. of my job to state the least.
On our 4th day mixed-up,. the drones were introduced.
Our initial helo went. after the initial drone, as well as I removed in the 2nd. helo to obtain
the 2nd drone. We recuperated it and returned.
it to the USS Vancouver, and after that released to wait for.
airborne for the following target. Unbeknownst to.
us, our initial helo was having issues.
recovering their drone, which had partially
sunk. We hadn ' t heard them on the. radios for a long time, so we climbed to. try and also raise them or at the very least to.
see them aesthetically.
It worked, as well as we spotted them. a few miles away, yet really low over the water, as well as. that worried us.As we got better, we saw a. huge surge of rotor
spray, as well as I understood instantly that. they had landed in the water. We circled around helplessly. while they tried to take
off with just one of. their 2 engines working. We watched as all 3. air crewmen left out the
rear of the downed helo. The blades quit turning. when the remaining engine was closed down, and also the helo rolled. on his side as well as started to sink.
Ultimately, to our great. relief, the 2 pilots
bulged of the cockpit from. the starboard emergency situation departure. We hoisted all five team. participants into our helo and returned them to the ship. After relaunching to recoup. several extra targets, we were finally. completed for the day.As I made my method through.
the ship
to dispensary to examine our rescued. staff, I was unexpectedly stopped by a participant.
of the ship ' s team that snapped to attention, offered'. me a sharp salute, as well as claimed, ma ' am, I owe you an apology. Surprised, I asked why. He informed me he had actually been. seeing our flight operations on the signal. bridge when the helo decreased. Evidently there had been. some spirited betting amongst
the team. worrying whether it had been me that collapsed the helo.I gathered the probabilities. were not in my favor.
In the crewman '
s words, “we. all thought you did it.” Which consisted of the
. captain of the ship.” I went on to fly quite a lot
. nonstop throughout the following 2 days considering that the 2 pilots.
from the downed helo were not permitted to fly up until.
the accident investigation was full.
We recovered much more targets,. some within watching range of the Vancouver, as well as I could. see the staff lining the rail as well as taking photos. At least they weren ' t. betting versus me any longer.
Despite the fact that my 2 years at. Factor Mugu were great ones, it
was becoming clear. to me that, while 6015 had actually been modified to permit. for some shipboard duty, chances would not. be readily available quickly enough for me to make up for.
the occupation milestones that I had already missed out on.
My career path and also promotion. chances on active service did not look promising.So in late 1979, I made the. decision to leave active service and continue my occupation. in the Naval Book.
For the next 5 years, I was. privileged to fly with HC-9, a Navy Book squadron. whose primary objective was,
actually, combat. search as well as rescue, flying the H-3.
Sikorsky Sea King. Fight SAR is a really.
requiring mission. I was thankful I. never ever needed to utilize it in action in an actual.
battle setting, but the low-level flying in the. deserts around Fallon, Nevada, was difficult as well as. fulfilling and also fun. And it was throughout this scenic tour. that I obtained my seventh and final rescue when we.
gotten a Marine pilot that had ejected from his.
A-4 off the Coastline of San Diego. Another highlight.
of my time in HC-9 was a possibility to.
come down on the USS Belleau Timber, the helicopter provider. where my spouse, Dwayne, was designated
as aircraft handler.I ' m not sure just how several, if. any type of, wedded pairs
have been able to do this,. specifically in 1981, but it was an extremely.
unique experience.
At that time, in. reality, we were most likely the only US Navy
helicopter. pilots married to every other.
For the remainder of. my Get profession, I adhered to Dwayne ' s. active-duty assignments
, offering in the Government.
at the Navy Command Center in the exact same spaces.
that were later on destroyed on 9/11, and also later on.
with the Leader Fleet Air Mediterranean Book Unit. out of New Orleans and Naples, Italy.Those scenic tours were complied with by. numerous assignments in Hawaii, Florida, as well as ultimately
,. San Francisco, as well as I retired as a captain in. 1998 after 25 years of service. With the repeal of 6015. in 1993 and also the training of combat constraints. across all services in 2016, females ' s chances have. raised tremendously since the ' 70s. All the military.
solution academies have been open to. ladies considering that 1976, as well as
all services,. including the 'Coastline Guard, have hundreds of women serving. in all kinds of air travel
positions as pilots trip.
policemans, goal experts, flight doctors, maintenance.
service technicians, as well as aircrew. Tactical communities in.
the Navy, the Marine Corps, and also the Flying force all.
have females aviators who are flying fight.
objectives around the world. In the Navy, women have. regulated fight groups as well as phoned number fleets and also. have advertised as high as four-star Admiral.16 of our 58 females. astronauts have actually served in US army aeronautics areas.
This is a photo of Nicole. Mann, astronaut class of 2013, with her child, Jack, who was 2.
or three years old at the time. Nicole completed astronaut.
training in 2015. She was recently designated.
to SpaceX staff 5, where she will become the first
. female leader of a NASA business team program.
launch, set up for September of this year.
She is likewise picked to be. amongst the initial nine ladies to be trained to. arrive on the Moon as a participant of
. NASA ' s Artemis team,
presently scheduled for 2024. And also here is Lieutenant Colonel. Nicole Mann, Marine Corps F-18 Hornet pilot. Nicole is the daughter-in-law. of one of my HC-3 squadron friends when I was posted at NAS. North Island, San Diego.
Captain John Mann told me that,. if the first 6 Navy women pilots had not paved. the method for various other females, his daughter-in-law would certainly. not be a Marine Lieutenant Colonel, a competitor pilot, a Navy. examination pilot, and an astronaut.
In August of 2021,. captain Amy Bauernschmidt came to be the first. lady to command a nuclear-powered aircraft.
carrier, the USS Abraham Lincoln. Amy began her Navy job.
as a helicopter pilot at Naval Air base North.
Island, the very same Naval Air Base where I did my very first.
functional pilot task after pilot training.It ' s taken a long, long. time to obtain to this point, over 48 years, and there were.
sometimes the first 6 of us did not assume that.
it would ever before occur. Certainly, with.
opportunity comes threats, as well as we have lost females.
pilots in aircraft mishaps as well as in battle, consisting of.
Lieutenant Leader Barbara Rainey, the really first female.
to earn her Navy Wings of Gold. She died in a.
training mishap in 1982, as well as she is survived by her.
hubby and 2 daughters. In March of 2017, we.
had the possibility to honor Lieutenant.
Commander Rainey together with the remainder of our.
inaugural team of ladies military pilots when Women.
in Air travel International held their yearly seminar.
in Orlando, Florida with over 4,500 guests. Rosemary Sailor, Anna.
Scott, myself, Jane O'' Day, and John Rainey, standing for.
his partner, Barbara, and also Judy Bruner were fingered.
sworn in right into the WAI Pioneer Hall of Popularity. Surprisingly, this
. image is the first one to show us all with each other,.
44 years after we were selected for pilot training.I was additionally recognized to. sign up with Rosemary ' s family members this past weekend.
when she was sworn in a 2nd time into the.
Pioneer Hall of Fame for her decades-long initiatives.
to guarantee level playing fields for all armed forces females. Not only did Rosie.
push open up the doors, she held them open up for.
everybody who complied with. I'' d like to conclude my. presentation with a last little bit of WASP background. When the WASPs were.
disbanded in 1944, all documents of their solution.
were categorized and secured for 35 years. Their payments.
to the battle initiative were unknown and generally.
hard to reach to chroniclers. After that, after the Navy opened up.
the trip program to females in 1973, the.
enduring WASPs began to lobby for recognition.
of their service. In November of '' 77,. President Carter provided them seasoned condition with.
minimal advantages, as well as in 2002, those.
benefits were expanded to consist of.
eligibility for burial at Arlington National Cemetery. Yet in 2015, the.
Secretary of the Military tried to rescind that.
advantage, saying that Arlington was lacking space. I presume he thought.
that singling out a tiny group of “” 90.
plus years of age”” ladies wouldn'' t obtain much pushback.He didn '
t depend on the.
surviving WASPs as well as the family participants of those.
outstanding ladies, as well as he didn'' t depend on Colonel Martha.
McSally, United States Air Force retired. The choice to leave out.
the WASPs from Arlington did not agree with Colonel.
McSally, the initial women United States fighter pilot to fly a battle.
mission over adversary area following the 1991.
lifting of the restriction on female fight pilots. With over 100 fight hrs in.
the A-10 Thunderbolt bombing plane, this previous Arizona.
Congressman and Senator was prepared to eliminate.
again for the WASPs. In May of 2016, her.
legislation efficiently passed Congress and.
the WASPs are now allowed to be laid.
to relax at Arlington, a suitable honor.
for the women who led the way for the future of.
all ladies in military aviation, as well as it might not have actually occurred.
without a female military combat pilot to combat for their reason. As I discussed earlier, when.
I left active service in 1979, it was clear to me that.
I had actually won the battle by challenging area 6015, yet.
that I can not win the war.That would certainly be delegated those who. complied with, females who have actually offered as well as proceed serving today. Several firsts have actually occurred considering that. I gained my Navy Wings of Gold in 1974, and also there are still. numerous firsts entrusted to achieve.
And today there are. countless women, in
all the solutions, around. the globe doing simply
that. Sometimes they get. some recognition for those
landmarks, but more. usually they take it in stride, understanding that every. accomplishment, huge or small, is an additional progression. And it has been my. privilege to have actually assisted lead the method for them.As Lindsay stated.
in our intro
, we are currently signed up with by. Beverly Weintraub.
If you would love to learn more. regarding the initial six of us, we
are the topic of Bev ' s. newly released book qualified “Wings of Gold– The Tale of the First. Women Naval Aviators.” Beverly is a Pulitzer.
Champion editorial writer for “The New York Daily News
.” “Wings of Gold” was chosen. as Amazon.com ' s Editor ' s Selection in their Best” Background classification. as well as is available for order from Amazon.com. Many thanks for being here, Bev.
BEVERLY WEINTRAUB: Many Thanks. for having me join you, Joellen, and also thanks.
to Google for organizing this fantastic presentation. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND:. Yes, thank you. As I close, I want to.
thank my other half, Dwayne, for his extraordinary. support as well as support to make this presentation. possible and also for being my wingman for over 43
years.It ' s been an enjoyment. to speak with you today and it has been a. distinctive honor to have offered our
country as well as all.
of its residents like you. Thanks extremely much.
As well as we ' re open for questions. As well as Lindsay, I think,. will certainly'be moderating those. LINDSAY COMPTON:.
Yes, Joellen, thank you a lot for sharing.
your experiences and all the hard.
work you ' ve done.
As somebody who has literally. tried to walk in your steps, I am so humbled by whatever. that you have completed which you ' ve shared. So initially of all, simply thanks. I ' ve got just a couple of. concerns that I ' ve planned for you girls as well as then. we ' ll change into the target market concerns. So Joellen, you touched on this. lightly in your conversation, yet I
can just think of,. especially back in that time in the '' 70s, that
. you truly dealt with, daily, min to minute,.
a great deal of challenge with your male peers.
in the armed forces and then, I might venture to.
guess, some females, possibly, either in the armed force.
or in the exclusive market, for just maybe being critical.
or simply actually unknowing regarding what you were.
trying to press forward.I ' m asking yourself if'you.
can talk a little bit concerning that currently, reflecting,.
with all your years of experience, what that.
resembled and perhaps what you'' ve taken with you.
via that representation. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND:.
Yes, undoubtedly there was a lot of resistance. Surprisingly sufficient, I think,.
when the very first six of us were in, a few of that.
resistance was not as strong as it actually.
remained in later years when there were more females.
and a lot more senior women.I think among
the most.
discouraging points concerning the very early years was.
the females who openly were working versus us. Among them was.
Phyllis Schlafly. As well as there were simply.
many women that didn'' t see why this needed to occur. They couldn'' t appear to
. comprehend the stepping stone that the armed force.
offers in regards to leadership and also chance,.
not to mention retirement pay, GI Bill, and also various other.
financial benefits. So I think that was a few of the.
most disheartening component of what we went through.The everyday things, we. just put our heads down and kept going. And also like I said, truthfully,. in the early years, it wasn ' t as strong as it was.
especially, for example, around the moment that.
Tailhook happened in 1991. That was possibly the.
pinnacle or the nadir of when women faced the.
most opposition, I think, and also at the greatest.
degrees at that time. So indeed, that was tough. LINDSAY COMPTON: Thank you. Beverly, I would certainly like.
to learn through you. I haven'' t checked out the book yet, yet.
now it is on my listing for 2022. I'' m interested, when you.
thought of venturing into publication authorship for.
your very first time, what forced you most about.
Joellen and her friend'' s story? Like what did you most.
intend to highlight? BEVERLY WEINTRAUB: Well,.
it was an intriguing point due to the fact that the tale.
actually found me. I covered aeronautics,.
amongst various other problems, as an editorial board participant.
of “” The New York Daily Information.”” I'' m also a pilot. I'' ve had my exclusive certificate.
for a number of decades. And among my associates.
from “” The Daily News”” operates in the point of view.
section of “” The Washington Message,”” so when something.
would happen entailing ladies in air travel, I.
would certainly obtain an e-mail– do you wish to write something? So I'' ve written a couple of op-eds.
regarding females in aviation.And when the all-women. missing man overpass took place over Captain.
Mariner'' s funeral, which made national.
headings, I was asked to compose something, which I did. And after that an editor at Lion'' s. Press, a couple of months later on, saw the piece and said, we believe.
this is a fascinating tale, would certainly make a fascinating publication. What do you believe? And the much more I explored the.
individual tales of these six pioneering females,.
the much more I was struck by their commitment.
as well as their determination and exactly how their personal stories.
illustrated the changes that were taking place in.
society, the modifications that were happening.
in the army, as well as exactly how they directly.
made a few of those adjustments occur on their own.
as well as particularly for the generations.
of women to adhere to. LINDSAY COMPTON: Thanks, Bev. Absolutely concurred, and also I can'' t. wait to obtain through the book.Andrew and also group, could. we possibly have a look at some of the questions. we have from the target market? Outstanding. Lauren– “This inquiry is. for Joellen and Beverly.
Based on your trip. and also life experiences, what advice would certainly you. provide to your more youthful self if you experienced her today?” JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: I. get asked this a lot. [LAUGHS] As well as young boy, I desire. I can go back and also chat to my more youthful self, lots of times.So I assume the very first point is– obviously I didn ' t care as well. a lot about the mainstream or what people believed females.
should be doing given that I looked for the program.
However still, when you enter the. military, the pecking order is
intimidating, particularly. for a young ensign that doesn ' t understand anything. And also as I mentioned. in my talk, one of
the important things that was. just stunning to me was that the Navy claimed. that we couldn '
t go hover over ships or technique. touchdowns or anything,
and then in the.
discovery procedure totally refuted that.
had actually ever taken place. And I was simply.
furious concerning that.Not much I can do
regarding it in retrospection. However I think my
takeaway from that is wear'' t approve a no without a great deal of documentation.
I indicate, I simply accepted that verbally from my powerful policemans and also they approved it vocally from the wing commander and the kind commander. So in retrospection, we ought to have required a total Jag reading on that, as well as we didn'' t do it.And in retrospection, I.
would certainly have returned as well as actually, actually.
pushed that factor. And the various other thing is.
network and also find your advisors. We, certainly, didn'' t. have women advisors that were pilots back then, yet.
likewise it was extremely hard for us to correspond with.
one an additional long before mobile phone, of program,.
and satisfy social networks. And we were scattered throughout.
the country, and in reality, across the globe.I was in The golden state, a pair. women were on the East
Shore, Jane remained in Rota,. Spain, and Judy was flying hurricane.
seekers down in Florida. So we were spread out.
out quite a little bit we never ever reached see.
one an additional we didn'' t obtain to talk with one another.
about what everyone was experiencing. So I would certainly state keep in.
touch with your compatriots and also recognize what they'' re doing. and have those conversations due to the fact that you could discover.
that what you'' re experiencing is much more usual than.
you believe it is. So those would be my.
two large points, I think, that I would certainly return and.
do a little in a different way. LINDSAY COMPTON: Great guidance. What regarding you, Bev? BEVERLY WEINTRAUB: I would certainly have.
began flying a lot earlier. I loved airplanes.
when I was eight years old, as well as informed my mom when I was.
13 I wanted to learn how to fly, and also obtained that “” over my dead.
body”” look, which was, regrettably, the end of.
it for a couple of decades.I did get my
private,.
yet not till I was a grown-up with.
some tiny children. So definitely would.
have done that sooner, not taken no for.
a response there. And the various other point,.
simply be bolder. It'' s intimidating. for me, especially, to speak with complete strangers.
I was an editor rather than. a press reporter for a very long time because I didn ' t want. to be the individual that had to ask the family members, how do.
you feel that your house just burned down? So when this publication came.
along, I require to connect to individuals who put on'' t recognize me– I
' m a total complete stranger–. as well as encourage them to allow me tell their tales for them. And it was very daunting. But if I was going to do it, I.
simply needed to be vibrant and also do it. And also the function.
I obtained can not have actually been warmer.
and extra handy. As well as I'' m just honored. that this area of military female pilots.
has taken me in and permitted me to share their.
stories with the globe. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: We'' re really. thankful that you have actually told it which you picked our story.We couldn
' t be a lot more grateful. LINDSAY COMPTON: Awesome. I think we'' re ready for.
a following target market inquiry. Great. From Sofia– “” Joellen.
as well as Bev, what was your inspiration.
to obtain into aviation? What recommendations do you.
both have for women that desire to take on air travel.
however put on'' t recognize just how to begin?” JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: Well, you.
recognize, I'' m type of an abnormality, I guess.
I matured not having. any need to fly, especially, although little.
incidents in my life type of, I guess, foretold that I.
could finish up in aeronautics. Among my early.
memories when my daddy was designated to.
Sangley Point was that a storm came through.
as well as a squadron of 2 Neptunes was type of waylaid.
and also needed to hold up at the end of our street. Our road essentially.
dead-ended onto the runway. As well as so naturally it.
didn'' t take us long. I was possibly 8 or.
9 years old at the time. It didn'' t take us. long to discover these aircrafts.
were down at the end as well as the teams were with them. And they were so friendly.They allow us crawl all
. over the airplanes and also they also put. us in the cabin eventually when they were doing. engine run-ups and also everything.
And I ' m certain every. one of those guys would be astonished to. discover that little eight- or 10-year-old. lady in their cabin took place to come to be
a Navy pilot. So of course I never ever. dreamed about it. As well as I put on ' t recognize, constantly,.
in my life, the whole time I was maturing, I.
simply recognized I wished to do something various. It was an unclear feeling.
but a really strong feeling. And when this fell in.
my lap, the chance to get the program, even.
though aeronautics hadn'' t truly gotten on the listing, I. chose, this is it. This is an indication. You need to choose this. Therefore I did. And also I think one of.
the various other points was that up until he or she.
who handed me the message as well as told me, no, no– I stated, oh, it'' s. extremely great, just how good that'they ' re
opening. the program to women.And he stated
, no, no, you'' re. going to get this. Which was the.
very first time it had ever occurred to me that, yes, I'' m. going to use for that. As well as I was really.
lucky that I remained in the appropriate place.
at the ideal time, with several of the top qualities.
that they were seeking, and also that they saw something.
in me that I hadn'' t also seen in myself yet. So that was how I entered into it. LINDSAY COMPTON: Bev? BEVERLY WEINTRAUB:.
Well, the very first time I flew business when I was.
eight years of ages, visiting my grandparents in.
Florida, as well as there were these lights,.
and also these markings, and all these big steel tubes. We'' re taxiing.
around, as well as they fly, and also I needed to know what it.
all suggested as well as how all of it worked. And I was just captivated.
by the entire enterprise.And although my initial. inquiries about flying were type of, you recognize, put the. kibosh, it was still really, actually something.
that interested me. And a little bit later in life, I.
was handed a present certification, for my birthday celebration, by a.
good friend whose father had actually obtained his personal certification. Which'' s how I. started in earnest. As well as a couple of months.
into my training, I received a telephone call from a lady.
called Joanne Campbell who belonged to this group.
called the Ninety-Nines, which is the worldwide.
organization of females pilots. And also did I require aid? Did I have concerns? Would certainly I like to come.
to their conference as well as satisfy various other ladies who fly? As well as it'' s such a fantastic.
support network.There are lots of,.
several small airports that have flight institutions. It'' s a fairly very easy. means, especially– google it, which airport.
has a flight college, and check it out, as well as see.
if it'' s a comfy thing. But also for women specifically,.
the Ninety-Nines are in every state, as well as.
they'' re global, and it'' s a tremendous resource. If someone simply doesn'' t. know how to start, that'' s a means to begin.
JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND:. And one point– we were simply at the Ladies. in Aeronautics Meeting this previous weekend,.
and also there are numerous, lots of scholarships available.
that you can use for. Once you obtain your foot.
in the door as well as begin flying and also points,.
several organizations hand out scholarships.
for not simply for pilots but also for upkeep.
professionals as well as a variety of other.
aviation-related areas. So it'' s out there. Ninety-Nines are a.
excellent means to begin. Obtain on your own involved.
with various other women who are involved in aviation. LINDSAY COMPTON: Great. So lesson discovered is google.
“” aeronautics training”” and also I bet there'' s going to be. things that'you can find out.
That ' s amazing.Team, do we have. any kind of various other questions coming from the target market? All right, from.
Kimberley, “” Joellen, you discussed that there.
is still a great deal of progress to be made today. What is the following huge.
alter you'' d like to see for women pilots?” As well as I may widen.
this, Joellen, perhaps, to ladies in the armed force. I'' ve seen a whole lot
of. progression in my short career and you'' ve seen a lot more. So possibly allow'' s broaden this. to females in the military. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND:.
You recognize, there aren'' t adequate females. pilots in the military.
I suggest, you wouldn ' t recognize. based on the convention that we participated in. today, where there were numerous.
ladies army aviators that attended, however still we'' re. a really, really small percent of pilots in the military. I would truly like to see.
that percentage increase drastically. Yet I think ladies simply wear'' t. consider it as an option as well as it requires to.
be available more and also females require to.
think of that more.So I presume that ' s. my important point, is I would certainly love to see a lot. much more women pilots out there,
a great deal more candidates. for the program, as well as much more females in the. other aeronautics locations too– air traffic. controllers, schedulers, aircrew
, as well as maintainers. There ' s a great deal of great.
jobs maintaining aircraft. As well as the military.
is the means to get your means of access on that particular. LINDSAY COMPTON: Great. Well, I hope that this talk.
is a great, inspiring launchpad for any kind of females that.
might be considering it. So with that said, I'' ll kind of.
wrap, yet Joellen and Bev, thank you so significantly for.
your time, for every little thing that you'' ve placed right into this tale,.
and to both of your professions. We are so recognized to.
have you with us today. Thank you for the.
time and also attention. We simply really appreciate it. Thank you. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: Well,.
thank you for having us. We truly appreciated it. BEVERLY WEINTRAUB:.
Thank you a lot. LINDSAY COMPTON: Absolutely. Thanks. JOELLEN DRAG-OSLUND: Thank you. BEVERLY WEINTRAUB: Thanks. [SONGS PLAYING]
